Starting Philosophic Problem :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Starting Philosophic ProblemABSTRACT The starting philosophical conundrum is related to the categories being and nonbeing. This is the problem of the relationship among being and nonbeing. The cardinal question of philosophy is What can be considered to be primary, being or nonbeing? In the history of philosophy, it is possible to speak about two grassroots philosophic paradigms philosophy of being and philosophy of nonbeing. This paper is an elaboration of the philosophy of nonbeing. One of the most fundamental problems of philosophy is related with the most meaningful philosophic notions, that is, with the categories of being and non-being. The notion being is the philosopohic notion that denotes 1) something that is existing, 2) the totality of really existing things, the existing reality.Non-being is the other philosophic notion that denotes 1) absence of something, 2) all things non-existent in reality, non-existent reality. The act of manifestation for being is something a nd the non-being manifests itself in the form of nothing.So, according to the author, the most fundamental philosophic problem is the problem of the relationship between the being and the non-being, it is the problem of relationship between these two categories, being and non-being. In the first line, this problem brings up the question about the existence of any real things existing in the real world things that were existed, exist, and will exist also put forward is the question about the existence of the world as a whole. In the terminal account, it is a matter of the problem of existence as such.The German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (XVII-th century) attacked this problem in the following wayhe states that the first and cardinal question mustiness be expressed in the form Why there exists something, but not nothing? A similar thought was expressed later by the German philosophers Friedrich Schelling (XIX-th century) and Martin Heidegger (XX-th cent ury).The problem of the relationship between being and non-being turns to be the starting philosophic problem, inasmuch as all other philosophic problems and questions are meaningful in cases when it is necessary to solve this problem that deals with the matter of principle, more specifically, the existence of things, phenomena, world on the whole, object and subject of cognition. The very solution of the problem of relationship between the being and the non-being is the basic and key solution for a number of philosophic problems such as world origin, world space-time structure formation, causes and mechanisms of motion and development, build-up and ending of objective forms, human being life and death, meaning of human being existence, mankind survival, and others.

life :: essays research papers

LifeSo far my life has been filled with a great deal of experiences and opportunities. I was born on January, 17 1983, into a marvellous household, as an only child As achild I collect been involved in many extra curricular actives such as girl scouts,cheerleading, and little league baseball I necessitate traveled to many different states I make upbeen to Florida ever since I was four days old I have been picked out of one thousandpeople to be in the Walt Disney parade as grandmarchels in the Disney parade I haveroad a let every ride at least once I have also went to Michigan to visit my aunt anduncle roughly twice a year I have been to the state of California and had the opportunityto visit one of the most popular singers, Elvis Parsleys house I have never seen somany people just waiting to go in I have also went to chapiter to visit Mount St.Helen I have never seen a town that the volcano destroyed by a volcano before I havevisited a lot of interesting places in my life I ha ve recently graduated from Beth-CenterHigh School last year I have no brothers or sisters I have never got a DUI I have adog I have a cat I have gotten one speeding ticket I have my own car I have to gestatefor my car I have to pay the insurance I have three roommates I have many friends Ihave eighteen credits this semester I have a young buck I have many family members Ihave missed class this semester I have never did a paper like this before I haveconsumed 2,280 school made lunches consisting of meetloaf surprise, turkey surprise,and hamburger surprise taken at least 80 sick days gone on 480 elicit field tripsto museums road on 4,680 life threatening bus rides to and from school but have been passed up by the big yellow wagon on more that 50 occasions I have asked to see thenurse 305 times walked through the halls for what would equal 800 miles I have wentto 100 school dances met 40 new teachers made 500 new friends wished for 468Fridays played 88 brutal volleyball games and re ceived 694 bruises, cuts and pulledmuscles attenuated 518 peprallies and 518 home football games had 20 loves of mylife and 27 broken hearts taken home 52 report cards I have my own room I have myown fundament I have an in ground pool I have a fish I have one aunt living in

Catcher in the Rye Essay: Holden - The Misfit Hero -- Catcher Rye Essa

The Misfit ace of The Catcher In The rye The Catcher In The rye whisky by J.D. Salinger was make in 1951. A recurring groundwork in J.D. Salingers stories concerns people who dont fit in with the traditional American Culture. Salingers misfit heroes, unlike the rest of society, are caught in the debate between a superficial universe and a conscious morality (1 Wildermuth). In his attempt to create a new and realistic lay outal of the times, Salinger first, effectively creates Holden Caulfield, the main character. Second, he sends his character on a quest, and third he titles his novel to sum up the whole overview of the story. In creating his character, Holden Caulfield, Salinger uses profanities and obscenities as an attempt to portray the world of most girlishs. He creates a character that is not really in rebellion against the established values of the adult world, tho as a victim. Holden is possessed with a strong spirit of justice and respectability. His moral sys tem and sense of justice force him to find horrible flaws in society, which he sums up with the word phony. Holdens principle barrier is not that he is a rebel, or that he hates the society he lives in, or its morals, nor that he is a coward, but rather that he is unable to descriptor out, or to purge himself of his burden of sensation. He is blocked with memory and experience, and Salinger indicates this in the intentional confusion of time in his thoughts (53 Kaplan). Holden, much like Salinger himself, is a individual who is removed from society and therefore more independent than the person who must rely upon society. Catcher In The Rye is an episodic novel about an adolescent boy on the brink of adulthood. Yet, the action itself i... ...Frangedis, Helen. Dealing with the Controversial Elements in The Catcher In The Rye. incline Journal. 77.7 (1988) 72-75. Kaplan, Robert B. Cliffs Notes Catcher In The Rye. Lincoln Cliffs Notes, Inc., 1999. Marsden, Malcolm M. If You ver y Want To Know A Catcher Casebook. Chicago Scott, Foresman and Company, 1963. Miller Jr., James E. American Literature. World al-Quran Encyclopedia. Volume 1. Chicago World defy Inc., 1983. Pinsker, Sanford. The Catcher In The Rye Innocence Under Pressure. New York Twayne Publishers, 1993. Roemer, Danielle M. The Personal Narrative and Salingers Catcher in the Rye. Western Folklore 51 (1992) 5-10. Salinger, J.D. The Catcher In The Rye. Boston Little, Brown and Company, 1951. Wildermuth, April. Nonconformism in the Works of J.D. Salinger. 1997 Brighton High School. 24 November 1999. Catcher in the Rye Essay Holden - The Misfit Hero -- Catcher Rye EssaThe Misfit Hero of The Catcher In The Rye The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger was published in 1951. A recurring theme in J.D. Salingers stories concerns people who dont fit in with the traditional American Culture. Salingers misfit heroes, unlike the rest of society, are caught in the struggle between a sup erficial world and a conscious morality (1 Wildermuth). In his attempt to create a new and realistic portrayal of the times, Salinger first, effectively creates Holden Caulfield, the main character. Second, he sends his character on a quest, and third he titles his novel to sum up the whole overview of the story. In creating his character, Holden Caulfield, Salinger uses profanities and obscenities as an attempt to portray the world of most adolescents. He creates a character that is not really in rebellion against the established values of the adult world, but as a victim. Holden is possessed with a strong sense of justice and respectability. His moral system and sense of justice force him to find horrible flaws in society, which he sums up with the word phony. Holdens principle difficulty is not that he is a rebel, or that he hates the society he lives in, or its morals, nor that he is a coward, but rather that he is unable to sort out, or to purge himself of his burden of sensat ion. He is blocked with memory and experience, and Salinger indicates this in the intentional confusion of time in his thoughts (53 Kaplan). Holden, much like Salinger himself, is a person who is removed from society and therefore more independent than the person who must rely upon society. Catcher In The Rye is an episodic novel about an adolescent boy on the brink of adulthood. Yet, the action itself i... ...Frangedis, Helen. Dealing with the Controversial Elements in The Catcher In The Rye. English Journal. 77.7 (1988) 72-75. Kaplan, Robert B. Cliffs Notes Catcher In The Rye. Lincoln Cliffs Notes, Inc., 1999. Marsden, Malcolm M. If You Really Want To Know A Catcher Casebook. Chicago Scott, Foresman and Company, 1963. Miller Jr., James E. American Literature. World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 1. Chicago World Book Inc., 1983. Pinsker, Sanford. The Catcher In The Rye Innocence Under Pressure. New York Twayne Publishers, 1993. Roemer, Danielle M. The Personal Narrative and Sali ngers Catcher in the Rye. Western Folklore 51 (1992) 5-10. Salinger, J.D. The Catcher In The Rye. Boston Little, Brown and Company, 1951. Wildermuth, April. Nonconformism in the Works of J.D. Salinger. 1997 Brighton High School. 24 November 1999.

Arthur Miller Explores the Idea of Justice in A View From The Bridge :: English Literature

How does Arthur Miller explore the idea of justice in A View From TheBridge.The play A View From The Bridge by Arthur Miller is groom in theAmerican Sicilian community of Red Hook, in Brooklyn.Community bonds and strong codes of justice are very important in thecommunity. Betrayal of your family or your community is the worstcrime you can commit. For instance the story of Vinny Bolzano thatEddie told to Catherine and Beatrice.The story that Eddie told Catherine and Beatrice was the story ofVinny Bolzano. It was about a boy aged about fourteen years old whotold the police that his family were hiding his uncle, who was anillegal immigrant. When his family found out that it was Vinny who hadtold the police about the uncle they recanted him. The whole communityturned against him. They even kicked and beat him.grabbed him in the kitchen and pulled him mess the stairs threeflights his head was bouncin like a coconut.Not betraying your family was so important to Eddie as you would bego ing against the community codes and this was not done. If it were,the community would disown you.Honour and reputation are also very important to the community. Eddiesays to CatherineYou can quicker get back a million dollars that was stole than a intelligence servicethat you gave away.Eddie is verbalize that once you have lost your reputation you give findit nearly impossible to get back.In the play the char personationer Alfieri role is to act as the narrator andto move the play along in time. He knows what will happen in the play.For instance he knows that Eddie Carbone will be killed at some pointwithin the play. He refers to this in his very first speech. Thisones name was Eddie Carbone and watched it run its bloody course.When reading or watching the play you will know that Eddie will bekilled some time within the play but you do not know when, thiscreates dramatic tension. So youll know that they rule be a happyending but youll be curious as to how the play will end.He al so makes lots of references to the law peculiarly in his firstspeech. a lawyer means the law the law has not been friendly. Thesecond quote comes from Alfieri in his first speech and he is sayingthat in the community Red Hook, where he works, a lawyer is thought ofas unlucky. This is because they are only connected with disaster.Because the community of Red Hook is a poor community and nobody has

The Impact of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Essay -- American History

During the early 1900s industrial fires or accidents were common place injuries and the loss of life may go through outraged a few people but like all tragedies the outrage would pass quickly and it would back to business as usual. One such(prenominal) tragedy occurred on Saturday, March 25th, 1911, it was closing time at the triangle Shirtwaist Factory and hundreds of employees were preparing to leave when a fire broke out on the 8th floor trapping Jewish and Italian immigrants, the majority of them young women. One hundred and forty-six people died in futile attempts to escape the eager ten story building. The main doors were during the day kept locked and only one doorway was opened for the hundreds of employees to file out, one by one, as their belongings were searched for pilfered goods. Blanck and Harris, owners of the Triangle Shirtwaist factory, faced no consequences in regards to the unsafe working environment and the death of their employees. David von Drehle, in his boo k, Triangle, The Fire That Changed America, states that this particular fire changed the political and industrial grace of the United States it was no longer ignored by the working masses nor was it quickly dismissed by the normal - the public consisted of a huge in-migration population from Europe, the transfer of labor power and brain power that eventually lead to womens striking in the garment industry and setting a precedent in New York (Triangle, 3, 4). Several groups like the moneyed, educated elite women, the muckrakers, the Labor Unions, and the political machines that controlled neighborhoods of New York pushed for political, economic, and legal changes to the industrial systems - in a republican social time of reform they were like much welcomed rain ... ...kers from hazardous environments.The changes after the Triangle Shirtwaist fire involved 4 main groups and public voters. No single group alone had the far reaching effects like the progressive movement, politicall y liberal and socially democratic. Without all four groups move pressure on the legal system, the media exposing the flaws of the current industrial, political system along with the uprising that is the beginning of womens suffrage, the labor laws would not have undergone the radical changes that be the backbone of modern day labor laws. The fact all doors must remain open and unlocked during business hours, in 21st century America, arose from the ashes of the mortal Triangle Shirtwaist fire, To the deceased, American manufacturing employees are grateful, though they may not be entirely knowledgeable about the origins of their current labor laws.

Business Proposal to Implement New IT Infastructure Essay -- Papers Bu

Business Proposal to Implement New IT Infastructure 1.0 - INTRODUCTIONWelcome to the Information Technology Era Ever since the Stone Age, Man has begun the collect of improving the efficiency of life. Today, this mission continues and the hottest topic in our company, as a matter of fact, is to unite our business with the Information Technology. Information Technology general agency the acquisition, processing, storage, and dissemination of massive information by aid of computers or by telecommunication devices while the processed data can be ranged from vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical, etcetera As a result, the company can benefits with high speed and more accurate processing of information for administrative and control purposes. Furthermore, Computers are often separate into local or wide area network for communication among themselves, for example, the Internet and the Intranet this allows data to be transmitted from one pla ce to another during the course of usage business activities. On the other hand, Information technology does not solely means the use of computers because it is made up of many other components. It includes a figure of processes and techniques which may be as common as databases, word processing, spreadsheets, telecommunications, and electronic mail (e-mail). 1.1 - COMPANY BACKGROUNDEstablished in 1980, Possehl BESI Electronic Hong Kong Limited has been historied in the Electronic industry locally and internationally for its? precision skills and loyalty towards its? customers. Located in Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong, we are currently employing over 600 staffs they include Management and government officers, engineers, technicians, production opera... ...to success. However, this kind of technology changing all over the time and hard to catch up. We must choose the suitable one which can in truth fit on our business in stead of choosing the one with the highest technology. After detail analysing the business evironment, the above system should be the most fit to our case. The milestone will be set after three months and a deep system report will also be generated. REFERENCE1.Map and pass Communication (Standards and Application)A.Valenzano * C.Demartini * L.Ciminiera2.Software EngineeringDavid Alex Lamb3.The UNIX Operating SystemKaare Christian4.Computers and Information SystemsMarvin R.Gore * John W.Stubbe5.Business System and Information TechnologyRon Anderson6.Local state Netowrk DesignAndrew Hopper * Steven Temple * Robin Williamson

What can neuropsychologists learn by studying individuals with damaged brains?

IntroductionOne of the best ways to learn ab protrude the normal functioning of the head is to study how it functions when it is misused (Rosvold, Mirsky, Sarason, Bransome et al., 1956). This paradigm for inquiry in neuroscience involves comparing the skittish functioning and performance on cognitive tasks of normal controls to that of patients with brain damage (for example, Fellows and Farah, 2003). Studies of localize brain damage burn have especially great implications, since the impaired functional area is likely to be associated with that location in the brain containing the lesion. though this is just one paradigm used in mapping the functional areas of the brain, other methods involve using only healthy participants and studying the pattern of unquiet activation during specific tasks designed to stimulate different cognitive faculties. But by comparing the functioning of healthy individuals to patients with brain damage it has been possible to disunite very specific areas of the brain based on their functional purpose. Purpose of specific areas is either based around sensation and perception, reading processing, memory board or executive decision-making.This essay will examine some of the most pertinent findings gleaned from studies of brain damaged patients and elaborate on the avenues for future look into in this context. The go over of literature will proceed in a systematic manner evaluating the function of variant brain areas through examination of the effects of lesions in these areas, as well as elaborating on the limitations of the methodologies employed.There are many ways in which the brain sens be damaged, barely the factor that seems more essential in determining the effects of brain damage rather than how the brain damage occurred is the location of the damage. Evidence for this comes from reviews such as Ommaya and Genarelli (1974) who correlated clinical and data-based observations with the location of lesions in the brai n. This essay will now proceed by analysing the effects of brain damage in different functional areas and the neural correlates of these effects. superstar damage can have a diverse range of effects depending on the region that is damaged, including disturbances in emotion, attention, memory and executive decision-making (Brewer and Perret, 1971). Prominent in this empyrean of research are studies such as that of Robinson, Kubos, Starr, Rao and Price (1984) who studied patients with stab lesions in various locations in the brain. Their findings provideed a greater incidence of depression in individuals with anterior lesions on the left intellectual hemisphere. The inverse was true of right cerebral lesions, with posterior lesions leading to more depressed mood. This suggests that the location of lesions has an effect on the form that mood change takes following a stroke. To generalise further from this, different areas of the brain are differently responsible for emotional regula tion and the cerebral hemispheres are oppositely arranged with regard to the operation of emotion. This research however was purely correlational, and therefore suggests nothing of the mechanism behind the effect, and in fact cannot involve cause and effect at all amid observations. Also, only depression was taken into account, measured with standard instruments for gauging levels of the disorder. This methodology misses a potential wealth of nuanced information on the subtle temperament changes that surely accompany mood disorders following stroke, qualitative methods could mayhap have uncovered more, and future research is needed to study other aspects of mood effects of brain damage. Brain damage can also profoundly affect memory in various ways as well as affecting mood and demeanour (Graham and Hodges, 1997).The effects of brain damage on memory are as variable as the forms of memory itself. The empirical research into this area has elucidated not only the effects of brain d amage but also the processes by which different kinds of memory are encoded, stored and retrieved and the structures in general involved. This is possible through deduction based on the pattern of impairment in a particular patient in relation to their specific lesion (Graham and Hodges, 1997). In the case of working memory, research has shown that even patients with temperate brain damage show a tendency towards enhanced activation of circuitry associated with information-processing when political campaigned on the said(prenominal) working memory tests as controls (McAllister, Sparling, Flashman, Guerin, Mamourian and Saykin, 2001). This kind of research has elucidated the structures and pathways associated with working memory, but it cannot rule out the possibility that these areas of the brain are involved in septuple pathways necessary for other cognitive processes. This is perhaps only a fraction of the information which could be extracted by study of working memory circui try and how it functions in coalition with the rest of the brain. Although this research has highlighted areas relevant to working memory it says little about the processes involved or how the brain functions as a whole in this function. In addition to working memory, damage in different areas has been shown to affect long memory which will now be explored.Research into dementia and Alzheimers complaint as well as patients with head-on lobe damage has uncovered information about the encoding and memory board of long-term memory (Graham and Hodges, 1997). Graham and Hodges (1997) investigated the subroutine of subcortical structures in the formation of new memories through the study of patients with degradation of hippocampal structures (Alzheimers patients) as compared to those with comparably spared hippocampal structures but atrophy in neocortical areas (patients with semantic dementia). Their findings show that patients with spared hippocampal structures had greater recall for recent memory than more distant memory, whereas patients with Alzheimers disease showed the opposite pattern. These observations have helped to establish the pathway via which short-term memory passes into long-term memory, and thus has important implications of our understanding of the storage of memory in the brain. This study does provide strong evidence for the proposed conclusion, although the specific mechanisms by which short-term memory is transferred and stored between regions remains mysterious. Indeed, the actual location of long-term memory storage itself remains mysterious. It seems likely then that this process is not as simple as is proposed here. Of railway line not all stimuli are represented the same way in memory, some are emotionally charged. This essay will now explore how research into brain damage has helped the understanding of emotional activation in the brain.Emotional memory and functioning is another area in which study of brain damage can supplement valuable information. It is well known that the amygdala plays a large role in the experience of emotion, so it follows that Cahill, Babinsky, Markowitsch and McGaugh (1995) found that memory for emotionally charged stimuli and events was impaired in patients with damage to the amygdala, whereas memory for neutral autobiographical events and experimental stimuli was within the normal range. The benefits of research on brain damaged patients can perhaps best be seen in this area because of the rarity of patients with selective lesions localised in the amygdala (Adolphs, Tranel, Damasio and Damasio, 1994). Although research into the function of the amygdala in healthy participants successfully revealed that it is involved broadly in emotion (for example, LeDoux, 2003) research into the rare cases of localised damage to the amygdala (with normal functioning elsewhere) have enabled researchers to add clearness and specificity to this statement. Adolphs et al. (1994) discovered that t he amygdala functions with a social dimension as well as an emotional one. Specifically, it is essential for the recognition of emotion (especially fear) in other people, but it is not necessary to discern individual identity from faces. This shows a clear contribution to the knowledge base from studies of brain damage the constraints were added to the general statement that the amygdala is simply involved in emotion. It would have been difficult to discern this information from examining only the activation patterns in the brain and behavioural functioning of healthy participants, as the lone influence of the amygdala could not easily be isolated from the rest of the brain without it being removed. Necessarily though, such studies lack a real ecological validity because the observations are naturally limited to such a low number of cases due to the rarity of localised amygdala damage. Another important functional area brain damage can influence is cognition and executive decision- making.By studying patients with head-on lobe damage it has been possible to determine the role it plays in cognition, problem-solving and decision-making. In procedures such as the Wisconsin card-sorting test, participants can be accurately assessed for frontal lobe damage based on how well they can sort the tease into categories and their flexibility in doing so with shifting classification criteria (Stuss, Levine, Alexander, Hong, Palumbo, Hamer and Izukawa 2000). This task can even be used to distinguish the location of the damage within the frontal lobe by varying the amount of specificity in external direction. The fact that cognitive functioning can so accurately reflect the location of damage in the brain shows again the opportunity for mapping brain functions based on data collected from patients with impaired functioning in specific areas. This kind of test has particularly good reliability since the test thoroughly assesses cognitive decision-making with the absence of activation in only one very specific area. A reproof must be that the task is probably quite dissimilar from anything the participants are likely to perform in their daily life it is contrived to be carried out under experimental conditions, and therefore the results may not be as valid as they appear in naturalistic situations. Although the accuracy with which the test can distinguish the specific location of damage gives it criterion validity. This concludes the review of research into the influence of brain damage on functional ability and demeanour.This essay has presented research on the effects of damage in various locations within the brain on behaviour, sensation, memory and cognitive processing. The contribution to knowledge of the purpose and integration of various regions in the brain have been discussed, the general conclusion being that it would be difficult to gain the same insight into the specific role of structures and the form of neural pathways without the study of patients with localised brain damage. Other paradigms exist in neuroscience, but studying the pattern of impairment in patients with localised brain damage compared to controls provides perhaps one of the best ways to assess the function and contribution of that particular damaged area. There are of course confounding variables though such as the way the damage occurred, and individual differences in participants.References Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (1994). Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala. Nature, 372(6507), 669-672.Brewer, C., & Perrett, L. (1971). Brain monetary value due to Alcohol Consumption An Air?encephalographic, Psychometric and Electroencephalographic Study. British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol & Other Drugs, 66(3), 170-182.Cahill, L., Babinsky, R., Markowitsch, H. J., & McGaugh, J. L. (1995). The amygdala and emotional memory. Nature, 377(6547), 295-296.Fellows, L. K., & Farah, M. J. (2003). Ventromedial frontal cortex mediates affective shifting in humans evidence from a reversal learning paradigm. Brain,126(8), 1830-1837.Graham, K. S., & Hodges, J. R. (1997). Differentiating the roles of the hippocampus complex and the neocortex in long-term memory storage Evidence from the study of semantic dementia and Alzheimers disease. Neuropsychology, 11(1), 77.LeDoux, J. (2003). The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala. Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 23(4-5), 727-738.McAllister, T. W., Sparling, M. B., Flashman, L. A., Guerin, S. J., Mamourian, A. C., & Saykin, A. J. (2001). Differential working memory load effects after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuroimage, 14(5), 1004-1012.Ommaya, A. K., & Gennarelli, T. A. (1974). Cerebral concussion and traumatic unconsciousness correlation of experimental and clinical observations on blunt head injuries. Brain, 97(4), 633-654.Robinson, R. G., Kubos, K. L., Starr, L. B., Rao, K., & Price, T. R. (1984). Mo od disorders in stroke patients importance of location of lesion. Brain, 107(1), 81-93.Rosvold, H. E., Mirsky, A. F., Sarason, I., Bransome Jr, E. D., & Beck, L. H. (1956). A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of consulting psychology, 20(5), 343.Stuss, D. T., Levine, B., Alexander, M. P., Hong, J., Palumbo, C., Hamer, L.., & Izukawa, D. (2000). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with focal frontal and posterior brain damage effects of lesion location and test structure on separable cognitive processes. Neuropsychologia, 38(4), 388-402.

Empirical Literature Article Review of Leadership Ethics Essay

The opportunity to evaluate certain search serves as one of the many foundations to both scholarly writing and inquiry (Grand Canyon University, 2013). Therefore, to enhance this process I will critique empirical research articles for the purpose of demonstrating the effectiveness in understanding leadership ethics.So, using the literary works presented within in the works of Predictors of honourable Code Use and Ethical Tolerance in the Public Sector by Neal Ashkanasy, Sarah Falkus, and Victor Callan along with travel Ethics in Public Organizations The Impact of an Ethics Program on Employees Perceptions and Behaviors in a Regional Council by Itai Beeri, Rachel Dayan, Eran Vigoda-Gadot, and Simcha Werner, and finally, An Empirical Study of Leader Ethical Values, Transformational and Transactional Leadership, and Follower Attitudes Toward Corporate Social Responsibility by Kevin Groves and Michael LaRocca comparisons will be made on the relevance and need for research purpose s. In comparison, the authors of each(prenominal) cogitation utilize respectable behaviors for the purpose of comparing relationships, perceptions, and beliefs associated with measures of estimable practice.Furthermore, reasonable justification for conducting the research presented in each study is outlined as evidence from the constitute research questions and is validated within the results of each piece of literature reviewed. Posed Research Questions Relating the Authors in the Comparison Similarly, the literature within each study focussed on ethical practice and how it employ to enhance behavior of individuals within organizations. However, assertions within the scope of the posed research questions present relevant generalizations for each study. For example, Ashkanasy, Falkus, and Callan (2000) cogitate on variables that formulated predictive roles of organizational, individual, group, and contextual takes for utilizing formal ciphers of conduct. These variables were developed to serve as predictors of ethical tolerance as a result of formal code use.Whereas, organizational commitment (OC), organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and quality of work life (QWL) are the basis in which Beeri, Dayan, Vigoda-Gadot, and Werner (2013) perceive positive relationships are built as ethical resources are generated. Hence, these three areas promote sensation of ethical leadership and decision do in addition to the ethics code. Further, Groves and LaRocca (2011) in integrated the notion of corporate social responsibility by mannequin both transformational and transactional leadership styles. Here, the idea is leaders with deontological determine of ethics will be perceived as modeling transformational leadership, while leaders with teleological values of ethics are perceived as modeling transactional leadership (Groves et al. , 2011).Although each study assessed various ethical practices, each displays similarities in presenting study results as a me ans of validating posed questions of research. Sample Populations The results recorded from evaluations used in the sample populations highlighted evidence relevant to that of measures demand to verify theory associated with ethical practice. Hence, each study presented the results through a form of statistical analysis in which various test groups within the national of research were used. Moreover, similar methods were incorporated to assess the results of the respondents within all three studies. Ashkanasy, Falkus, and Callans Approach This evaluation involved mailed questionnaires to public sector employees in one State of Australia.The principal method of conducting this study was based on hierarchical regression, and addressed several factors such as demographic measures, personal ethical values and attitudes, context and group-level variables, and organizational practices (pg. 245, 2000). Given the basis of evidence Ashkanasy, Falkus, and Callan (2000) used this method of a nalysis to assert that ethical decisions are more likely to be influenced by employees, versus the effect of group and individual variables. Beeri, Dayan, Vigoda-Gadot, and Werners Approach In lieu of the goal to test the relationships between ethics and performance within governments locally, Beeri et al. , (2013) used questionnaires to evaluate the long term effects of an ethics program on employees perceptions, and the behavior in one council of an Israeli region.This as a result, stems from awareness of ethical codes, and inclusion of employees in the ethical decision making process. Groves and LaRoccas Approach Groves and LaRocca (2011) utilized voluntary confederacy-based leadership programs that targeted educational values on ethics. The leaders of these community based programs were emailed a link with instructions for participation with an online questionnaire. The assumption here was that training on both transformational and transactional leadership, in addition to ethic al decision making and CSR would now be implemented. Results Analysis All in all, the results displayed by the analysis of each study correspond to the overall effort of the posed research.For example, supported results line up with study hypotheses, but signified that certain mechanisms underlie the criterion for each of the tested variables on different levels according to Ashkanasy, Falkus, and Callan (2000). Whereas, Beeri et al. , (2013) report a greater awareness in ethical codes and decision making along with increased organizational commitment is achieved as a result of positive ethical leadership. And finally, Groves and LaRocca (2011) correlated their findings with the original prediction that transformational leadership alone was aligned with the beliefs of followers in view of the corporate social responsibility of stakeholders. Conclusion Study Limitations of ArticlesTo fully appreciate the level of understanding needed to evaluate literature of empirical research, a d escription of the methodology, research questions and an analysis of results must be presented to determine the validity of the overall analysis. And as such, each study discussed within the contents of this paper has been successful in delivering on all areas to support research efforts. However, there were areas that pose limitations to future research efforts for all three studies. For example, the use of questionnaires may not represent a true assessment of the respondents beliefs (Ashkanasy et al. , 2000).Also, issues surrounding anonymity can urface when responding to questions concerning ethical climate (Beeri et al. , 2013). And further, influences set by both common source and common method can stimulate bias in lieu of follower values of CSR (Groves & LaRocca, 2011). For future development of the practice The results yield an overall influence within organizations that build on variables to increase ethical standards. However, there are yet fundamental issues for democrat ic organizations that stress the importance of ethics, integrity, and fairness (Beeri et al. , 2013). And recommendations for further study are necessary to promote the continuous effort of influencing follower perceptions toward ethical commitments.

European Handball

European Handb tout ensemble goal slam European hand gawk is a unique, high intensity romp which is best described as a combination of netball, soccer and basketball. Two teams with seven players per side verse for each one other. In order to earn points, the handball moldiness be thrown into the goals this demonstrates the skill of goal shooting which go out be the main focus of this report. Char act uponeristics of basketball argon seen in the rule that the player essential bounce the ball while running.Defending is a park action in all sport and is seen in European Handball the team without possession of the ball whitethorn attempt to stop the other team from scoring by blocking the path of the player with possession. During the game, the ball is passed around in the style of netball. The sport involves a combination of multiple sports such as soccer (goals), netball (passing) and basketball (court size, bouncing, dribbling) which makes it different to any other sport thus people are intrigued to play and well enjoy it. Explanation of the skillGoal shooting is just like a pass but with more than power. The ball must be thrown into the goals. A common technique per acted when shooting a goal is the form shot. The jump shot is where the player is in the air when the shot is made by doing this the shot is more powerful and more efficient. Explanation of the performances 1) The first drill that we will be teaching students in our formulation session aims to practice the jump shot as it is the most effective way of shooting a goal. For the most effective goal shot, right handed players should push off from and land on their left foot and vice versa.When they are suspended in the air, their body should be stretched with their throwing shoulder back and then the ball should be thrown from the highest point of the jump for maximum effectiveness of the shot at goals. 2) The second drill we will be teaching in our training session aims to practice passi ng and shooting under pressure through the give of a goalie. Students will get in groups of three and two of them will pass the ball between each other and take shots at goal with a goalie trying to stop them from scoring. To pass the ball students are to use their preferred arm, xtend it behind their show and with force throw overarm to the other player. The goal keepers aim is to defend the goals and position them self correctly so any influent shots can be stopped. They will all stand equal distance apart in a triangular formation. Each student will switch off position until everyone has had a turn at passing and being goalie. This will improve everyones passing and defending skills. Actions and strategies that contribute to enjoyable participation there are many strategies that can be used and actions that can be taken to make participation more enjoyable.Offering rewards have proven to be an effective strategy used in many sports all around the world. Rewards come in many shapes and forms to appeal to a wide range of participants such as money, various prizes and awards including certificates, medals and trophies. As well as physical rewards to acknowledge achievement, there are many actions that can be performed to encourage enjoyable participation. Praising in effect(p) behaviour and recognising an athletes achievements is incredibly effective in increasing the enjoyment during participation in a sport.Offering your congratulations by shaking their hand, heavy(a) them a pat on the back or simply telling them theyve done a good job can motivate the player and care them to enjoy the sport more. These actions and strategies not only make players enjoy participating but also show aspects of a good coach. Organisations of activities The training session will be made up of various activities and demonstrations and will go for approximately 10 minutes. Warm Up We will begin with a warm up which will consist of a short run and stretches.We will demonst rate appropriate stretches which the students will then complete. First stretching the calf and leg muscles with lunges and golf shot legs then stretching the arm muscles with a shoulder shrug, arm across body, swinging arms, and breathing exercises. This will help get their body and mind take in for the activities. The warm up should run for approximately two minutes. Demonstration and Explanation We will then give a thorough explanation of the skill, explaining how the skill is preformed and techniques students should use to increase their chances of success.A demonstration of the skill and both drills will then be performed so that students can visibly see what it should look like and get an discernment of how to do it. This explanation and demonstration should go for approximately two to three minutes. Drill One The students will then perform the drills. Students will form a line and one by one attempt the jump goal shot. We will check that theyre doing it correctly and off er advice to players on how they can improve. This drill requires the goals, cones, ball and the rope and should run for approximately two to three minutes Drill Two We will then start the second drill. Students are to form groups of threes and go to their own set of goals. The group will have to decide on a defender and two shooters. Students will perform the drill erst and we will check that all students are doing it correctly. The players will then rotate positions until everyone has had a go. We will continue giving advice and helping students who are struggling or confused, and will motivate and praise all students. This drill requires goals, cones and balls and should go for two to three minutes Warm Down/ Cool level The warm down will consist of a slow stretches and various breathing exercises to relax the body and muscles. This will reduce the risk of injuries and sore muscles. Safety measures The safety of all students is the most important. All students are required to f ollow certain rules and instructions so that their safety is not a risk. Warms Ups and Warms Downs At the beginning and end of our training session we will get all students to complete a range of stretches. Warm ups are essential as they help assist your circulatory organization in pumping blood to your working muscles.The purpose is to steadily increase circulation throughout the body. A correct warm up safely prepares the body for movement and exercise. cold muscles which have not been properly warmed up are more susceptible to injury. Warm downs relax your muscles and allow your heart rate to slowly retrieve back to normal. Pay attention to demonstrations/ listen to instructions All students need to pay close attention to the demonstrations and listen when were explaining the skills so that they know only what to do.If students are not paying attention and then try to perform the skill they could ruin equipment, hurt them self and hurt other students around them. slump/Appr opriate Equipment European handball requires a specific ball. The ball is not allowed to have a shiny or slippery surface as the player inevitably to be able to grip the ball to throw a powerful pass. If an incorrect ball is used the players will find it hard to grip onto the ball and throw a powerful pass, and the ball would also be dropped a lot which could result in another player tripping over it and injuring themself.No contacting or unnecessary rough play European handball is a fast paced sport but it is contact free. Players are not allowed to contact one another deliberately. both student who is acting in an unnecessary behaviour will put themselves and peers at risk of being hurt. Appropriate use of equipment All students are to act sensible with the equipment that they use whilst participating in the drills. The equipment can cause injury if used incorrectly, and students who do not use it appropriately could also risk negative it. Supervision of instructors/ teacher Teachers and instructors (people running the activity) are responsible for the safety of all students participating in the activities. They are expected to supervise all performances so that any errors can be corrects and mistakes can be pointed out. It is a coachs responsibility to teach their students the correct way to perform a skill in order to remain safe. The safety of the athlete is always the main priority. All of the above points should be followed throughout the whole presentation so that all students are safe and the chance of injury is decreased.

Mother Earth Essay

MANILA, Philippines An estimated 1.7 million Filipinos be hooked on drugs, with 1,700 of them dying each year due to their addiction, a Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) official. DDB executive director gum benzoin Reyes told the House committee on dangerous drugs that the 1.7 million represents an increase of 200,000 from the number of drug users two years ago. Based on his agencys estimate, he said the number of deaths directly related to drug use is very low. Even the World Health Organization ranks the Philippines 153rd in terms of drug use-related mortalities, he said. Committee members led by chairman Vicente Belmonte Jr. of Iligan City expressed disbelief over Reyes low numbers. I think those are not reliable, parityaque Rep. Roilo Golez, a former Palace national security adviser, said. He said he could not believe that only 1,700 deaths a year could be attributed to or induced by drug use. We always claim that 70-75 percent of crimes and deaths resultingfrom these crimes are dr ug-related, he said. Golezs colleagues agreed with him.Nueva Vizcaya Rep. Carlos Padilla said drug use today is not confined only in Metro Manila and urban centers but has spread even in the rural areas as well. Belmonte said there are already tens of thousands of drug users in the provinces. For his part, Rep. Loreto Leo Ocampos of Misamis Occidental said drug lords in his province and in Ozamis City are funding the Kuratong Baleleng group of confide robbers. They export bank robbers to Metro Manila. They give each group of robbers P2 million for every operation, he said. While the DDB gave estimates on the number of Filipino drug users and drug-related deaths, other(a) agencies involved in the fight against drugs, including the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), the Philippine National Police and the National Bureau of Investigation, could not provide data. Belmonte said he would invite representatives of the Department of Health (DOH) to his committees next hearings to determine if they have information on drug-related deaths.Padilla said the DOH, which routinely monitors smoking-related deaths, should have information on the number of Filipinos dying from drug addiction. I think drug abuse is a more serious problem than smoking, he said. Committee members also complained of wish of coordination among agencies involved in the fight against drug abuse. Surigao del Sur Rep. Philip Pichay said some police units in the provinces are hesitant to go after drug peddlers and users in deference to the PDEA. New PDEA chief Arturo Cacdac said while his agency is the lead entity in the fight against illegal drugs, the police and other law enforcement units can net their own campaigns provided that they coordinate with the PDEA. Coordination can take place before, during or after their operation. They can just text or call us. We have regional offices, he said. MANILA, Philippines Illegal drugs remain a significant problem in the Philippines due to corrupti on and poor law enforcement, a US government report said.In its 2009 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), the US State Department said corruption of police and other public officials remains an obstacle to break off law enforcement in the Philippines.The report, dated Feb. 27, 2009, came amid the alleged bribery of Justice prosecutors in the dismissal of the illegal drug case against three scions of wealthy families who were arrested by anti-narcotics agents in September last year.The drug problem in the Philippines remains significant, disrespect the continued efforts of Philippine law enforcement authorities to disrupt major drug trafficking organizations and decompose clandestine drug laboratories and warehouses. The Philippines faces challenges in the areas of drug use and production, law enforcement, corruption, and drug trafficking, the INCSR report said.The report also cited official and widespread reports linking rebel groups to marijuana plantations, and that the do of these drugs might even be funding their operations.It noted the Philippines vast stretches of unpatrolled and sparsely inhabited coastline across more than 7,000 islands make it an attractive narcotics source and transshipment country for traffickers, including terrorist and incendiary organizations.Illegal drugs and precursor chemicals also enter and leave the country through seaports, economic zones, and airports. Children are often used as street drug runners because of the difficultness in prosecuting them when they are caught in possession of illegal drugs, it said.Enforcement remains a high priority for the administration of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) as the lead counter-narcotics agency. As a relatively new agency, the PDEAs effectiveness remains hampered by a lack of investigatory discipline, leading to the dismissal of cases for light evidence. There are also coordination problems with other age ncies, and trained investigative staff is inadequate to the scale of the problem, it added.Also, it said there was widespread use of illegal drugs nationwide, despiteclaims by the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) that statistics on drug use were inaccurate.The INCSR report added that based on drug seizures in 2008, the Philippines continued to be a producer of methamphetamine hydrochloride (shabu) and marijuana.

The Mystery behind the novel Dracula by Bram Stoker

Perhaps the most impossible situation that a psyche could be into is be immure in a haunted castle housed by weird tidy sum and be caught in a situation wherein there is no way extinct but maybe in the end, believing that you can will be a great help to strengthen your will to survive. Jonathan Harkers experience in front genus genus Draculas castle did non simply end it in escaping from the Count and from his wicked castle. Instead, it was the start of a frequently more than safe talk about the society and about life.Despite being a horror falsehood, Dracula gave a clear view of a life that a someone should drop involving transformation, religious beliefs and even versedity and its boundaries thus, the saucy holds a clear issue of several aspects in life deputeing in four major topics. The smart Dracula did non simply talked about the horror of being with the vampires but it showed a society in its near transformation, erasing e very mark of innocence and purity.Th e novel Dracula did non support just any myth or legend but, it made a new way to discover and pin point critical issue happening in the society and the every normal day of a human being thus it leads us into analyzing the whole novel and figuring out what is the hidden message behind the horrific story. Thesis Statement Bram Stokers Dracula did not just retell a story of people affected by Count Dracula, kind of, he told a story of a changing society and the effects that it will give to the easement of the humanity.With Count Dracula in the story, Stoker told a story of transformation and a battle amid the good and the evil. Literature Review Bram Stoker The reference of a legendary vampire story On the eight day of November 1847, Bram Stoker was born in Clontarf, Ireland (Miller, n. pag). Son of a civil servant and a charity worker, his m opposite, also a writer, he enjoyed every story she told her. He was a sickly boy although his childhood but an intelligent one (Douthat an d Hopson , n. pag. ).In 1867, he graduated in Trinity College majoring in Mathematics and later on assembleed the Irish civil service. He also worked as a mercenary(a) journalist and wrote drama critics (Miller, n. pag. ). He became a good friend of Henry Irving and he managed the Lyceum Theatre owned by the English Actor until his terminal in 1906 (Encarta, n. pag. ). Aside from Dracula, Stokers beginning stories were children stories. His stories were not given much appreciation at that time but when he released the novel Dracula in 1897, It became the great hit as time goes by.Bram Stoker, Abraham Stoker (Encarta, n. pag) by birth died in 1912 (Douthat and Hopson , n. pag. ). Dracula Backgrounder Bram Stokers Dracula was not his first novel but it is his greatest literary achievement even if it was not a big hit on its first release (Douthat and Hopson , n. pag. ). The continuous create of the novel up to the present reveals its success to readers all around the world. Thus, the success of this novel showed that the people be really interested with horror stories. It marked the approach path of the horror genre in the novels.Although it was focused in telling a horror story, Bram Stoker emphasized some points necessary in our lives thus openhanded the readers a hint of what it could be if something like in the story happens in real life. The novel was about Count Dracula, the king of the vampires and the group of young dread men who chases him and kills him in the end. It was a horror novel included in the gothic genre written in 1891 to 1897 in London England and was published by Constable in 1897 in an English language (Douthat and Hopson , n.pag. ).. The whole paper is mostly made up of journals written by the characters in the novel. From the first person perspective, the conversation shifts into several people with the tone of melodramatic, righteous and dark. Set in the nineteenth century easterly Europe and England, Bram Stokers Dracula, Min a, Lucy, Jonathan, Quincey, Arthur, Val and John tried and true to stop the Evil Count Dracula from transforming people into vampires and killing more and more (Douthat and Hopson , n. pag. ). Dracula SummaryThe story of the novel Dracula started in a journal entry of Jonathan Harker in one of his business travels in Transylvania for a real state transaction with a person named Count Dracula. On his way to the Eastern European country, he decided to write down his travel in a journal and later share it to his girlfriend and fiancee named Mina. Although he as warned by the people and was even given protection such as rood-treees, he was determined to continue the transaction and did not pay too much attention with the warnings of the local peasants (Stoker, 1-26).When he reached Count Draculas castle, his suspicions disappeared when he was welcomed by a man but during his stay in the castle, he was frighten by some circumstances which drew him investigating. When he determined tha t he was already a prisoner in the castle by no other than Count Dracula, he attempted to escape but all he found were locked doors all over the castle (Stoker, 29-51). In his sleep, he removed the crucifix given to him and was somehow Attacked by three voluptuous and seductive women who were also vampires like Count Dracula.Before they were able to have him, Count Dracula came and saved him (Stoker, 68-73). On the other hand, his fiancee was having a continuous exchange of letters with her friend named Lucy who was talking about her marriage proposals from three men named John Seward, a pertain, Arthur Holmwood, a noble man and the one she choose to marry and lastly was from Quincey Morris (Stoker, 98-109). The whole adventure started when Mina visited Lucy in Whitby and was saddened by the occurrence that her fiancee havent arrived yet. In her stay with Lucy, she found out that she was sleep walking mostly at night.To help her, she talked to Dr. Seward and they tried to help Luc y but in hope slightness, Dr. Seward asked for the help of his mentor Van Helsing who also tried his best to revive Lucy (Stoker, 113-170). Jonathan who already reunited with his fiancee after having brain fever asked Mina to hide his journal and open scarcely if it is needed. Upon knowing the situation of her friend through Steward, she gave him the journal and Jonathan started a new one after knowing that something like his experienced happened to Lucy. In hopelessness, the older doctor tried to save Lucy through Garlic powers.The latter mixed tradition, belief and modern science to save Lucy but in the end, she died and belong to the Un-dead (Stoker, n. pag). Now chasing Count Dracula, Van Helsing created a group to chase the Count in exemption of Mina who will later on become the Counts adjacent tar calculate. Although it was hard for Holmwood to kill his beloved Lucy, they killed her to save her soul now that she is also a vampire killing children. Mina on the other hand was attacked by the Count in her sleep, unaware that she was already a victim of Count Draculas goal to turn a person into a vampire (Stoker, n.pag). The band travelled miles over seas and land to capture the Count and when they did, they killed him and Mina became human again while Quincey Morris died of a fatal wound (Stoker, 653-684). Women in the prudish Society When it comes to the status of women in the society, there is a big debate on their existence. Although they were mostly treated with respect, it is also visible that men do not savour at them as equal. There are several stories about the women of the past centuries and how they live up their life being just a endorse furcate citizen in the world made only for man.There are also a lot of historical contexts about the women suffrage and the movements which fought hard enough to have a fair and equal treatment between the men and the woman. Now, there is a difference between the women of the past and the puritanic women. Hearing the word straight-laced would made one think that it is such a glamorous and social word created for the members of the higher society, the rich and the famous but what is in there with the Victorian women that made them famous? Victorian era lasted for 64 years and there were numerous changes both in the society and the womens attitudes right before the century ended.Victorian era was a very long year or moment of prosperity thus there were several strict laws or perhaps honourable codes (Thomas, n. pag). Victorian women were women of good qualities. At a young age, the Victorian women are being groomed and taught of certain things to prepare them before they enter courtship and get married. They are expected to be weak and incapable of making decisions. She is the man of the house, only in the house. Her major role is to bear children, prepare the food and pull back for a smooth atmosphere in the family (Thomas, n. pag).Although the above paragraph states the general status of Victorian women in the society, among their race, there are still some differences between the classes. Victorian women or wife of a wealthy man is her husbands social representative and spends most of her time either writing or variant or sewing and many more while the poor women are not as lucky as the Victorian women (Thomas, n. pag). The greatest detector of differences was the clothes worn by the women. While wealthy wives wear the traditional Victorian clothes made up of high quality materials, the poor women do not share the same luxury (Thomas, n.pag). Social Issues visible in the Novel Although the novel focused more in the story of Count Dracula and his plans to take over humanity and turn each one into vampires, there are slight attachments in the social situation that is visible during those times in the Victorian society. Stoker touched a weighty aspect of the Victorian society, the Victorian women who were commonly house people thus in his novel, he charact erized them as a typical women of the Victorian era, heroines of the novel, Mina and Lucy possessed the attitudes of a typical women of their time but with a twist.The transformation of women of their time is one of the great issues in the novel. With the fast changing prosperity and development of the era, there are also several changes both in the society, the women and the men alike. With just this issue of transformation, it opens the issue of sexual boundaries and sexuality. While men were considered as strong individuals, women are considered as weak people with no power to make decisions except when it comes to daily meals for the family.They are not expected to work outside of the house, especially the rich ones and at the same time, they practice etiquette in the right and proper way. Treated as second class citizens with respect, the women were precious gems of the era (Thomas, n. pag). Thus it matters the most if these women who practiced innocence and purity turned into someone different perhaps turn into a seductive and sexually starve women, there is a big debate of the idea that these precious gems will turn into a destroyer of innocence. At the same time, the seal boundaries talked more on the sexuality bias issue that there is in the society.Perhaps, there is no need to explain further why this one is mentioned because while reading the book, one will understand that the women of that time do not have the same rights as the men. Even Van Helsing does not want Mina to join them in their chase with the Count. This one is enough evidence that the women are treated with a different way than the men. While men are heroes, women are damsels in distress. Drawn Conclusion Bram Stokers Dracula talked more on vampires and Count Draculas evil plans, each part of the novel symbolized the people of the society particularly the Victorian women.The transformation of a Victorian woman to a seductive and sexually active woman is one of the transformations tha t are very threatening to the humanity. Not that women should remain tame but because it erases innocence that one holds. At the same time, the sexual attraction that a woman can behave could make a man down for her thus making him just a follower. The novel simply talked transformation in a way that it will not be seen directly except of keen observance in the characters and the flow of the story.Although there is a little bit unclear instances, the mere fact that Count Dracula chooses to victimize women means that there is an on-going transformation with the Victorian women and in order to somehow state the transformation or the changes, Stoker probably thought that using them as characters in the novel, preferably as heroines, Mina and Lucy stood for the Victorian women, an image of class, wit and elegance while the three vampire women who attacked Harker in the first chapter showed the drastic change of the women of the Victorian era being seductive and sexually attractive to the eyes of the men.The battle between the good and the evil is shown by the characters of Count Dracula and the group of Van Helsing. While Count Dracula wanted to changed humanity into vampires and makes the human beings as the primary source of food instead of humans searching for foods, in the Counts dream, men will be the food and the vampires will be the killers. Although this is such an impossible thing, we must take it into account that the vampires are part of legends and myths which can somehow be considered either true or not.While we are stressing the reality that the novel wants us to see, there are certain issues that must be given more attention. The horror that the book brings to the readers and the chills it gives and the shivers it lets to run down in our body, there is a much more important idea and issue that should be given a tougher concentration. The massacre and the killings that the vampires give us are already present in the society. Although it does not ac tually look like the vampire killings, the murder that there is in the society is part of the horror.The evil deeds of the evil people who can do crimes are characterized by Draculas evil plans for the humanity. We must take it into account that the crimes are evil things and evil deeds to thus we experience horror almost everyday, When it comes to sexual boundaries, this is focused in gender bias because in the Victorian era, there were no justified rights for the women and no one treats them as their equal. As women of the society, they have less rights and equality is out of reach. Although some would consider these women as precious gems, not all will give them the same attention thus this leads to inequality and gender bias.The third issue is the sexuality. In Victorian era and most of the time, men are the only ones who can make indecent proposals or ask for sex, women on the other hand practices innocence when it comes to sex thus they were trained to be glamorous and innocen t starting from and as they grow up. The actuations of the vampire women do not belong to the women of the Victorian era. Aside from being timorous and shy, these women do not need to be sexually attractive because in the first place, they are already beautiful and well trained individuals.The Count Dracula stands for evil while the women vampires stand for the near transformation of the Victorian women because of the development of the society. From being a timid and shy girl, the Victorian women could turn into someone who can lure men and deceive them. The novel did exactly a great job in characterization a futuristic image of women and the society thus Stoker provided an initial statement of the future women. Works Cited Bram Stoker, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008 ahttp//encarta. msn. comCount Dracula, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008. http//encarta. msn. com Douthat, Ross and Hopson, David. SparkNote on Dracula. 11 Jul. 2008 . Miller, Elizabeth. Draculas Homepage. 2006. http//www. ucs. mun. ca/emiller/index. html SFReader. SFReader Book Review. 2000-2008. http//sfreader. com/Home/BookReview/tabid/55/Default. aspx? book=463 Stoker, Bram. Dracula. 1897. Constable, England Thomas, P. W. A Womans Place in C19th Victorian narrative. 2001-2008. http//www. fashion-era. com/a_womans_place. htmaga

Analysis of Brick Cleaner Essay

Aim To find the percentage by mass of hydrochloric acid present in brick cleaner by doing an acid-base titration.Theory/Hypothesis The main ingredient in brick cleaner is HCL and must be diluted and titrated with a base to be equal to analyse it. It reacts with parts of the concrete which allows it to remove the concrete from the bricks. I think there leave be around 30% of HCL in brick cleaner.Materials* 5mL brick cleaner* 100mL, 0.1M standardised sodium carbonate stem* 250ml de-ionised water* Methyl orange indicator* 250mL volumetric flask* 4x100mL conical flasks* Small funnel* 10mL measuring cylinder* 20mL pipette* Pipette filter* Dropping pipette* Burette and stand* White tile* Electronic balance* Safety glasses* GlovesMethod1) A 250 mL volumetric flask was weighed with its mass recorded2) A 10mL measuring cylinder was used to pour 5mL brick cleaner into the volumetric flask. The flask was stoppered square(a) after all the brick cleaner was in the flask.3) The flask was th en reweighed4) De-ionised water was added until the flask was about half full. The flask was stoppered and shaken carefully top side down several times.5) More water was added to the flask about a cm below the graduation line. A holdper was used to accurately drop the right amount of water to the flask so the bottom of the meniscus was on the graduation line.6) A 20mL pipette was used to put 20mL of sodium carbonate theme into each of the four 100mL conical flask. 3 drops of methyl orange indicator was added to each.7) The burette was filled with the dissolving agent of brick cleaner.8) The sodium carbonate solution was titrated with the solution of brick cleaner until there was a clear permanent colour change.9) Steps 7 and 8 were repeated until 3 concordant results wereResultsWeightVolumetric flask78.968gBrick cleaner6.00gTitre123Initial vol2.323.43.0Final vol23.444.524.0Vol added21.121.121.0CalculationsOn page attached.DiscussionThe weight for the brick cleaner may not be 6.0 0g as the volumetric flask was not weighed again with the brick cleaner in it because that step was forgotten. So the result above was taken from another student that did the prac. This will affect the results as the mass of the brick cleaner is used to determine the percentage by mass of HCL in brick cleaner. All 3 titres show that they are that within 0.1 of each other. The hypothesis has been disproved because it was suggested the 30% of HCL would be in brick cleaner and theres only 2.4% although its not certain that those steps were through correctly. There were no problems encountered during this prac.Focus Questions8)a) the manufacturer says that brick cleaner is made up of around 35% HCL, which is a massive difference to the answer that was got in this prac but again question 7 was not done correctly.b) differences in class results occur because not everybody would have done the exact volume of brick cleaner, sodium carbonate etc as each other therefore the difference in re sults obtained.9) To correctly clean up a spill of 20mL brick cleaner you would mop it up immediately, dry wash it away with massive amounts of water10)a) volumetric flask= once with water twice with brick cleanerb) Burette= once with water twice with diluted solution of brick cleanerc) pipette= once with water twice with diluted brick cleanerd) conical flask=once with water twice with sodium carbonate solutionConclusion To conclude, there should be 35% HCL in brick cleaner although it was found that there was only 2.4%

Adult Development and Substance Abuse

This research paper has been compiled through comprehensive collection of information from five different sources. The bea of contentedness ab engage and its impact on the development progress of an undivided has been explored. This covers the range of personal capacity from social to economic spheres.Serious effects have especially been observe at the work place where by unlike the great need of talent competency required by the advance in technology and globalization, sum total laugh at is pushy behind the role of individuals in the economy.IntroductionThe agencys in question are used for recreation purposes in few instances and for medical purposes in whatsoever other instances. The moderate uses of some of the nucleuss are therefore beneficial to the user while some should never be used at all.Continued and the over workout of these substances consequently get downs dangerous to the health of the user and consequent performance capacity of the user. Examples of the s ubstance in question with respect to this paper include marijuana, hashish cocaine or crack, sedatives, tranquillizers, stimulators, analgesics, tobacco, among others (Finn & Hall, 2004, 34).The abuse in question refers to the use of those substances in the following ports- no. for medical use, meaning when the user of the substance uses a substance with medical use, but against the purposes on a personal prescription and without the doctors prescription. The substance may also be used in prescription that are richlyer than what the doctor has prescribed in terms of quantities or frequencies (Frone, 2006).Effects of substance AbuseWhen a substance is wrongfully used in a way such as the one described above here, the substance becomes illicit whose effects includes impairment which has been plunge to occur frequently. In the process of substance use and impairment, gender has been proven to play a vital role. As regards gender men have been proven to be victims of abuse and impai rment much than women. Women are only victims in most of the circumstances when there is a secondary promoter leading to substance abuse. Race does not play any factor in drugs abuse. Education and age are very significant factors of abuse having been proven to posses an inverse variation.The executive cognitive functioning of the individual and executive cognitive impairment is related to substance abuse (Frone, 2006, 89). The most prominent effects of substance abuse is exhibited in individual in the form of anti-social characteristics and social diversion which are expressed in the form of anger, depression temperament, antisocial personality, conduct problems among others (Frone, 2006, 89).Substance abuse has been observed to be promoted by the individuals high levels of tendencies to answer to rewards and extremely low levels of tendencies to respond to punishments while disregarding social norms. The abuser of the substance tends to be attracted to the salient more current and instant rewards and ignore the slight salient future concurrent effects (Gallop, Crits- Christoph, Ten Have, Frank, Griffin & Thase, 2007).With regards to inebriantic drink abuse excessive drinking is out of excitement associated with the habit. The drinker imagines that pleasure is derived when poisoned by intoxicant. Alcohol problems tend to be principle causes of social deviance rather than alcohol use. To become excited alcohol use is more prevalent than alcohol abuse (Gallop, Crits- Christoph, Ten Have, Frank, Griffin & Thase, 2007).Time is also grievous when it comes to alcohol abuse. The responsibilities expected of an individual are interfered with when alcohol is taken at the wrong time. Heavy alcohol intakes are bound to create alcohol problems. The use of alcohol to excessive extremes affects the individuals self control. Peer groups are also very powerful towards the tough behaviors of alcohol abuse (Jackson, ONeill & Sher, 2006).History of the family with re spect to alcoholism also plays a significant part in areas of measures of seeking for excitement, Social deviance, alcohol related problems and reduced suavity in speech expression. The intelligence quotient of the alcohol abuser is also drastically lowered. The health of the affected person deteriorates, the levels of productivity decreases and the safety of the respective person is greatly undermined (Finn & Hall, 2004).The current global economic position requires people to be effectively competent in their respective talents. This goal is defeated by the abuse of these substances. The substance when abused poisons the user and this is intoxication. The abuse has some adverse negative effects on the functioning of the brain of the affected individual which is impaired. The impairment brings about some absurd behaviors and some changes in the individual.As the individual develop the habit of use of a substance, the body system devises some tolerance to the effects of the substanc e in which case the individual adapts to the use of the substance. The body is in a position to cope with some specific doses of a substance. The use of the substance beyond this able dose is tantamount to the abuse of the substance.The abuse is specifically detrimental to the workers who extend the impairment to their workplace. In the work place, the quality of work is negatively affected by substance abuse.The environment at work develops adverse physical and psychological attributes as a result of illicit drugs by employees (Wiesner, Windle, & Freeman, 2005). The abuse of drugs is bound to stick stress at work. The extended use of illicit drugs in play is responsible for very poor productivity levels at the work place.The personality of the individual is also adversely affected, with the individual acquiring some personality traits which are guided by the specific type of substance dependence.The personality traits exhibit some similar characteristics across substances that a re usually abused High degrees of negative emotionality are directly related to alcohol use disorders, high extroversion and low levels of conscientiousness (Grekin, Sher & Wood, 2006, 79).On the other hand the extended use of cannabis sativa creates some low extra versions on one hand and a high degree of openness to experience on the other hand (Grekin, Sher & Wood, 2006, 77). The personality of any individual has some positive correlation with the antisocial behavior and the abuse disorder associated with the use of a specific drug.There exists a significant association of personality and substance dependence and the ability to control behavior of negative case to the society. The most affected group in the society by substance abuse ranges from adolescence to the early adulthood, and a single behavior factor is very influential towards alcohol dependence, dependence on drug and the antisocial personality disorder which is externalizing in nature (Frone, 2006,198).The abuse of these substances have been observed to yield such bad behaviors as skipping school, running away from homes, cases of shoplifting, thefts, at work, all these being considered to as deviant and aberrant behaviors. These behaviors have been mostly observed in men more than in women, and therefore gender is very significant in novelty seeking and substance abuse.The abuse all result to depression which in turn results to job stress and poor productivity. This creates some high degrees of boredom at the job, the variety of skills deteriorates, and autonomy becomes significantly low. There has been reported a linear corelatiship in the midst of binge drinking and the job stress, also the abuse of drugs and heavy drug use are positively correlated with stresses at the job (Jackson, ONeill & Sher, 2006).This in turn results to psychological problems at the work place which is a contributor to risky health environment which is a result of aversive work conditions (Frone, 2006, 123). more or less of these conditions include noxious environments, insecurity in the job, being treated in an unfair manner, poor pay lack of benefits and promotions in the work among others. All these become dangerous work conditions.In conclusion, the substance use Disorders have therefore been seen to have negative affectivity. Some personality traits have also been found to be differentially correlated to the dependence symptoms associated with the use of alcohol, drugs and tobacco.With respect to abstinence from the abuse of these substances, gender has also been found to be very significant with men being found to have higher oscillations between use and abstinence as compared to women. Time required for the transition between substance abuse and abstinence is very important as the transition cannot be achieved overnight. This is quite important since the process goes through relapse to recovery.ReferencesEmily R. Grekin, Kenneth J. Sher, and Phillip K. Wood (2006), Psychology of Addic tive Behaviors Personality and Substance Dependence Symptoms, Vol. 20, No. 4, 415424Kristina M. Jackson, Susan E. ONeill, and Kenneth J. Sher (2006), Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology Characterizing Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 14, No. 2, 228244Margit Wiesner, Michael Windle, and Amy Freeman (2005) ,journal of Occupation Health Psychology Work Stress, Substance Use and Depression Among Youth enceinte Workers, Vol. 10 No.2, 83-96)Michael R. Frone (2006), Journal of Applied Psychology Prevalence and Distribution of Illicit Drug Use in the Workforce and in the Workplace, Vol. 91, No. 4, 856869.Peter R. Finn and Julie Hall (2004), Journal of Abnormal Psychology Cognitive Ability and Risk for Alcoholism, Vol. 113, No. 4, 569581.Robert J. Gallop,Paul Crits-Christoph, Thomas R. Ten Have, Jacques P. Barber Arlene Frank, Margaret L. Griffin, Michael E. Thase (2007), Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Differential Transitions Between cocain Use and Abstinence for Men and W omen, Vol. 75 No 1,95 -103.

Nutritional Assessment Project

Nutrition is an essential part in e real unmatchables life. It helps us stay healthy and energetic, look nice and be in a good mood. It plays a gr deplete role for the overall condition. And there is a great difference what you eat and how many vitamins and expedient elements every food item includes. The analysis of the daily nutrition record helps realize whether a psyche consumes the right food in the right quantity. A cleaning ladyhood aged 40 years has the sideline characteristic 5 ft 4 in and165 lb.These characteristic features are essential in the word form of analyzing the nutritional data as they allow forming certain set of recommendations and diagnosing the errors and inconsistencies in the food choice. The legal action level is sedentary. This means that a cleaning woman should reconsider her way of life and come to the fore go in for roughly kind of sport or at to the lowest degree take some walks in the evening. It is non only useful for health but also help s with digestion and metabolism. BMI is the next crucial point. It slightly exceeds the normal ratio.Besides, the woman gains usually 1 lb per week. This is a positive figure as the normal ratio join not more than two lb per week. It is important first of all to analyze the correlation amid the nutrient elements that were consumed by the woman in comparison with the fodderary graph recommendations. It is obviously that she consumes withal more than fat, especially saturated one. It affects negatively not only her weight, but also her health in general. Besides, she consumes too little dietary fiber it constitutes only 53%.It is desirable for her to increase the come of consumed water as it comprises only 70% of the daily need of a person and to decrease the amount of protein consummation. The woman should start consuming more vitamins, especially vitamins D, E and A. Still such vitamins as B1 and B3 seem to be exuberant to be consumed as an average daily amount. The best ba lance is achieved in consumption of vitamin B12 it amounts to 99% and is very important as it regulates growth, maintenance, and reproduction of all of the cells, including nervous ones, and results in increased energy and improved overall condition (CyberRecovery, 2006).It is highly recommended for a woman to increase the amount of consumed calcium as it is only 34% of the daily norm patch the use of sodium should be necessarily reduced at least in three times. It is required to analyze the products this woman usually eats. There are two eld descriptions. She has for breakfast coffee and creamer, for lunch cheeseburger, French fries and frozen dessert, then for dinner fish and heat up shrimps, and finally for supper pop-corn and water.The other daylight she has the same breakfast while the lunch is larger and includes mashed potato with pork barrel chops and sauerkraut, soda and water. Her dinner consists of mushroom turnovers, sandwich, steak and Tater Tots. She has a va nilla ice cream as a snack later and no supper. It is important to analyze the options the woman should increase in her daily diet. It is necessary to increase the consumption of dietary fiber that is included in the following products from the list sauerkraut, mushroom turnovers, and in little quantity it may be found in Tater Tots and ice cream.So she should eat more vegetables to supply the organism with necessary amount of dietary fiber. To increase the amount of vitamin A, that one day is completely absent from her diet, the woman should eat more potato, carrot, greens, and especially liver as it is number one among the products that contain this vitamin (HealthAliciousNess). Apricots are also a good source of vitamin A. In order to increase the amount of calcium the woman should eat more meat but not fast food. The best mutation is steamed meat dishes.The fast food items should be excluded from the diet at all as they pretermit indeed useful and healthy elements though are abundant in harmful ones. One more essential aspect comprises obligatory use of fruit and vegetables. Regular grain consumption is also important. The woman does not follow these recommendations in her daily diet there are at least some vegetables present, but there is complete absence of fruit. Protein consumption is enough, though the diary products are still needed. commonalty and orange vegetables are the best choice.Moreover, it is strongly recommended to reduce fats and sugar consumption as it interferes with the healthy diet approach. The presence of beans and peas is also essential. The question of consumed calories presents the following data one day the calorie level amounted to 1993 calories while the other day presented the figure of 2773. The average figure is 2383 calories per day. The most caloric food item was cheeseburger (790 calories). The least caloric product except water and coffee with creamer was sauerkraut and then mashed potato (100 and 125 calories respec tively).Thus, the womans average daily intake of calories is 2383 calories. The average daily intake of calories is supposed to be 2000 calories for a woman while for a man the figure is 2500 (NHSchoices). Though, this figure greatly depends upon the peculiarities of lifestyle and age. The conclusion is as follows the average intake is not excessive, but the choice of food items should be carefully reconsidered taking into tale the recommendations according to the reduction and increase rates in product list.ReferencesCyber Recovery (2006). What does vitamin B12 do in your clay? Retrieved from http//www.cyberrecovery.net/forums/showthread.php?t=317 HealthAliciousNess. Top 10 foods highest in vitamin A. Retrieved from http//www.healthaliciousness.com/articles/food-sources-of-vitamin-A.php NHSchoices (2012). What should my daily intake of calories be? Retrieved from http//www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/1126.aspx?categoryid=51

Darden case study Essay

1. Using the full spectrum of breakdown variables, describe how Darden segments and targets the sit-down dining market. The types of segmentation include geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral segmentation. For geographic segmentation, Darden has solely of its Longhorn chophouse restaurants in the eastern half of the United States but they are trying to expand to the west coast. This is a great idea because let on west is an untapped market with great potential for lots of earnings.Darden has a chance to redefine the image of steakhouses as is currently being done like the classiness that is being added to the brand. The node traffic is increasing and Longhorn Steakhouse could potentially even overtake Outback Steakhouse as the premier steakhouse type of restaurant. For demographic segmentation, departure Lobster represents the opportunity Darden has to fill the gap between the offspring fast food concept and the upscale white-tablecloth restaurants.Red lobster is even making many changes to accommodate for the ever-changing times around America which is causing sales to fall. With innovative concepts such as wood fired grilling resulting in a taste of wood-grilled seafood and investments in equipment and training, Darden is putting itself back in the spotlight to sightly recognized and respected. You can also never go wrong with fried shrimp so Red Lobster will always subscribe that marketing card to play.The Psychographic segmentation is shown by how people want to olfactory property positive emotions when they go out to restaurants such as the concept of a happy family and namely the mythological Italian family. Customers want to feel emotionally satisfied as much as they want to be physically satisfied by the food. Creating an authentic menu hits close to home because people get that potent and happy feeling when they see the authenticity. Even Olive Gardens commercial When youre here, youre family and slogan show the feelings of connection that Americans want to feel and would be willing to come in for. behavioral segmentation is shown in how less frequently Americans want to sit down at restaurants to eat their meals. With all of our financial constraints we are choosing different and more cost effective ways to eat out and have a good time with the family. Darden needs to use more cost effective ways to level the meal prices so that familys will once again be willing to eat out at a sit down restaurant on a regular basis.

Difference Between Black and White

Audrey Edwards propagates her belief that blacks must only marry blacks for the simple reason that sportys continue to feel hypernym to blacks because the latter were their slaves at one time. Apparently, the diversion between the whites and the blacks of the United States is deep-rooted going rachis to earlier the States where Europeans had brought African slaves. Although slavery was abolished in the centuries to come, the huge socioeconomic difference between the white know and their black slaves was to remain at the level of the subconscious mind of America.From the subconscious mind to the culture of America it was effortless for the difference between black and whites to make a transition. In a newspaper plow published in the year 1957, the Governor of Arkansas maintained that peace was not possible without racial segregation, that is, without strict adherance to the concept of white privilege, which is defined as a special advantage or gain ground of white persons wi th reference to divine dispensations, natural advantages, gifts of fortune, genetic endowments, social relations, etc.(Clark)Integration was virtually impossible, in other words, and racial tension was expected to rise as a result of the discussions about allow the African Americans and the whites study together in an academic institution (Act To Block Integration in Arkansas). After all, the concept of white privilege entai lead that the whites were socially and intellectually boss to the blacks, and therefore could not study with those that were inferior to them. In a racial riot like the one that was expected back in 1957, the African Americans were expected to fight for their self-esteem.The white Americans, on the contrary, were expected to protect their notion of transcendence by fighting back. It appears to be a fact that the difference was mainly maintained by the whites as opposed to the blacks. The blacks were fighting for equal remunerates during the Civil Rights Move ment of America. In response to the racial abuses they had suffered at the hold of the whites who had considered themselves superior to their slaves of the past the blacks had to be compensated by means of affirmative action.Affirmative action is defined as a policy that gives a preference to individuals based upon their belonging to designated groups who are underrepresented not only in the most desirable occupational classes, tho also in school admissions and government contracts. Those who are underrepresented and then can be referred to as disadvantaged groups, seeing as they do not have a powerful representative voice to speak for their rights.The policy of affirmative action serves as a evoke for the disadvantaged groups for this reason, by not only adding extra points to the credit of the members of disadvantaged groups when performance evaluation is called for, but also by allocating extra funds to recruit such members of the community. Whereas the opponents of affirmat ive action claim that it is blemish to favor a group just because it is considered disadvantaged, proponents of the policy assert that affirmative action is necessary to right the wrongs of the past with respect to favouritism and/or racism (Boylan).In other words, in the absence of affirmative action, discrimi acres and/or racism may very well continue in almost any if not all spheres of life. The difference between whites and blacks has definitely seeped into the culture of America from its subconscious mind where the history of the nation is stored. If the whites of America had not used the services of black slaves in the past, there would have been no header of white privilege, and America would not have found it useful to combat racism with affirmative action.In actuality, white privilege translates into obvious racism, which is a belief system claiming that individuals can be superior to others solely on the basis of race. The theory of racism has led to much violence and ge nocide in the world. It was racism that led the Nazis to slaughter the Jews simply by believing that the latter were inferior. The theory of racism seems to have been applied all over in the world, even though universal values inform us that people who are superior are only those who do good in this world.Would universal values, therefore, be able to end the difference? The answer appears to be Yes. Even so, the collective memory of America will not be eradicated, and aught can force the whites, in particular, to forget that the blacks were their slaves in the past. The difference is expected to be maintained at some level. Finally, it is worthy of note that without the great socioeconomic divide between the blacks and the whites in Americas early memories, there would have been no conflict whatsoever.

Sase study Essay

What is the break-even full point in passengers and revenues per month? First we have to figure out the portion Margin = Sales per fare variable expense per unit $ one hundred sixty.00 $70.00 = $90.00 ( percentage Margin. Break Even point in passengers= Fixed costs (divided) contribution Margin $3,150,000 / $90 = 35,000 passengers. Break-even point in revenues per month = Fare gross revenue to breakeven (X) Sales per unit. 35,000 x $160 = $5,600,000What is the break-even point in number of passenger train cars per month? At 70% load = 90 x 70% = 63 Breakeven point in passengers = 35,000/63 = 556 cars c) If capital of Illinois Express raises its average passenger fare to $ 190, it is estimated that the average load factor will decrease to 60 percent. What will be the monthly break-even point in number of passenger cars? 90 seats x 60% = 54 Contribution Margin = $190 $70 = $long hundred Fixed costs $3,150,000/ $120 = 26250 Passengers 26250/54 = 486 carsd) (Refer to original data.) Fuel cost is a significant variable cost to any railway. If archaic oil amplifys by $ 20 per barrel, it is estimated that variable cost per passenger will rise to $ 90. What will be the new break-even point in passengers and in number of passenger train cars? Contribution margin = ($160 $90) = $703,150,000/70 = 45,000Breakeven point in number of passenger cars per month9070% = 6345,000/ 63 = 714 carse) Springfield Express has experienced an summation in variable cost per passengers to $ 85 and an increase in total fixed cost to $ 3,600,000. The social club has decided to raise the average fare to $ 205. If the tax revenue rate is 30 percent, how many passengers per month are needed to generate an after-tax profit of $ 750,000? New Contribution Margin $205- $85 = $120.00 gather=after tax profit/tax rate = $750,000x 70% = $1,071,429 Breakeven pointin passengers =$3,600,000 + $1071.429 = $4,671,429 (divided) $120 (CM) = 38,929 Passengersf). (Use original data). Springfield Expre ss is considering offering a discounted fare of $ 120, which the company believes would increase the load factor to 80 percent. Only the additional seats would be sold at the discounted fare. supernumerary monthly advertising cost would be $ 180,000. How much pre-tax income would the discounted fare provide Springfield Express if the company has 50 passenger train cars per day, 30 days per month? CM= $120 $70 = $50Load Factor = 80% 70% = 10%Additional Rider CM = 50 cars x 90 seats x 10% = 450Per day Revenue$160 x 3150 = $504,000 + $54,000 ($120 x 450) = $558,000Variable cost per day 70 x 3,600 (total seats) = $252,000Per day income $558,000 $252,000 = $306,000 x 30 days = $9,180,000 Profit = $9,180,000 $3,150,000 $180,000 (addtl. monthly advertising cost) = $5,850,000.g). Springfield Express has an opportunity to obtain a new despatch that would be traveled 20 times per month. The company believes it can sell seats at $ 175 on the route, but the load factor would be only 60 p ercent. Fixed cost would increase by $ 250,000 per month for additional personnel, additional passenger train cars, maintenance, and so on. Variable cost per passenger would proceed at $ 70. CM = $175 $70 = $105Number of passengers x load factor = 90 x 60% = 54CM per ride ($175 $70) = $105 x (90 x 60% load) 54 = $5670 x 20 rides = $113,400 (per month) 1. Should the company obtain the route?I dont think it would be profitable unless we can increase the number of passengers a month for this route in swan to break even 2. How many passenger train cars moldiness Springfield Express operate to piddle pre-tax income of $ 120,000 per month on this route? Profit = CM x Q fixed expenses$175x $70x $250,000 = $120,000$105x = $370,000X = 3,5243524/54 = 65 train cars3). If the load factor could be increased to 75 percent, how many passenger train cars must be operated to earn pre-tax income of $ 120,000 per month on this route? CM = $10590 x 75% = 67.567.5 x $105 x 20 cars = $141,750$17 5 $70 = $105$105 = $370,000 ($250,000 + $120,000)3,524 passengers3,524/67.5 = 52 trains4) What soft factors should be considered by Springfield Express in making its decision about acquiring this route? Considerations in decision making in addition to the qualitative or financial factors highlighted by incremental analysis. They are the factors relevant to a decision that are difficult to measure in terms of money. soft factors may include stamp on employee morale, schedules and other elements, relationships with and commitments to suppliers, effect on present and future suppliers and effect on present and future customers.