Johannesburg Sustainability Essay Example for Free

Johannesburg Sustainability Es vocaliseThe purpose of this make-up is to advise the Johannesburg metropolis Government on ways to reduce carbon emissions within the urban center of Johannesburg, mho Africa. Johannesburg City (Joburg) is listed as a participant with the C40 Cities initiative, in an effort to tackle the environmental issues of global warming and climate wobble. This initiative was established as a leaders programme from representatives from major cities around the world, and aims to be at the forefront in encouraging sustainable practices in our urban areas (c40cities online, 2011). It is important then to clearly delineate what sustainability is. From information provided in the Open University course poppycock, a sustainable city is an urban environment in which its inhabitants lead fulfilling lives and are able to meet their material and social needs without damaging the environment it co-exists with (The Open University, Block 6, 2010. p 22-23).Further t o this a sustainable city should have a long-term attitude which allows it to produce its own resources. With this being said, Joburg finds itself faced with many, unnecessarily high, carbon producing activities such as a high volume of personal cars users and obtaining energy from older technologies and non-renewable sources effective to name a few. These practices are typical of major cities across the artificial satellite and represent the unsustainable instruction of human activities without regard for the environment we live in.Taking exercise to bring up sustainability, corresponding the C40 Cities initiative, is the reason why this report has been drafted for Joburg. In particular this report go out focus on carbon emissions, their sources within the Joburg boundaries and effect on global warming, and then present ways in which to combat the currently inadequate carbon producing activities that Joburg is experiencing. Finally the report will conclude with a thickset of the key points discussed in the making the case and the device sections. Recommendations on the information presented will be throw up forward which is in alignment with the purpose of this report sustainability by reducing carbon emissions.Making The CaseJoburg has an important role in making itself a sustainable city because of its modulate, not only on the surrounding environment, but as a in the lead city in gold production in South Africa. The large population of nearly 3.9 trillion inhabitants think ofs the carbon measure that Joburg produces will have a signifi slewt value and hence add to the issues of global warming and climate change. In a report published by a South African company, Metorex Ltd., the CO2 equivalentwill not only minimise the effect of Joburgs carbon footprint on a global scale, but also act as a role model for other cities in Southern Africa. Cities like Joburg despatch enormous flows of both pile and material within them. These flows of people and material contribute to the character of the city and its ability to adapt to change. It is this ability to adapt to change which will be the greatest obstacle in combating global warming and climate change, as reluctance to take the necessary steps in securing our coming(prenominal) will lead to devastating consequences. Consequences, as suggested by Block 6 could involve enkindle waves, flooding, and rising sea level. Creating cities which are flexible, as sustainable cities are, and which can cope with these environmental scenarios will undoubtedly go along way to sustaining quality of life in not only Joburg, but around the planet too.What better place to encourage change than to come on with the economic instaurations which pull people from across the country in search of better earning opportunity. In South Africa Joburg is such a city and is seen as the economic hub of South Africa, contributing to over a third of the countries Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic p roduct) and 11% of Africas GDP ( South Africa Online, 2011). According to Block 6 Open University course material, encouraging activities which would lead to sustainability in Joburg could lead to the following results Improved energy efficiency leading to lower bills and lower demand for power Development of new a new grocery in the midst of a lively economic market Better quality of life for inhabitants owing to reductions in pollution (air, water and waste) and finally more efficient production of goods and services for domestic consumption as a result of innovative technologies. These are just a few of the more obvious advantages of creating a city with sustainable practices.So where does one start when implementing eco-friendly strategies? Why not with the authority in which the inhabitants of the city put their trust the Johannesburg City Government. As the leading authority in making decisions which directly fall the daily running of the city, Joburg will be following othe r leading cities, like London, in gaining the political support it needs to back the changes it wishes to make. Its no surprise that political support will be needed in gaining momentum to implement and manage Eco-legislature.When the City Government puts its political weight behind notions like sustainable building designs, renewable energy sources, heavier car tax for large motor vehicles and more efficient waste charge, then the mind-set of the consumer, rail line man, company, conglomerate, institution or society as a whole changes and realises that these regulations will come into affect and its best to get onboard, or suffer the consequential penalties. Therefore as a leading decision-maker, the Johannesburg City Government should be best placed to initiate schemes and programs that effectively lead to gaining momentum needed in providing the tools for greener living.The proposal addresses 4 key areas which I believe are fundamental starting blocks to creating a sustainable Joburg. There are many more concepts or ideas which would yet decrease CO2 emissions, hence contributing to sustainability, however I will be submitting just 4 key concepts that in my opinion should be put into action immediately. Firstly, the City Transport commuter system needs development. Currently Joburg offers its inhabitants transportation in the form of busses and city trains. In a statement by Flora Mokgohloa, the Executive Director of Environment in the City, she says that the Bus Rapid Transit (BRP) scheme introduced in 2008, was introduced in an effort to reduce carbon emissions by up to 1.6million tons by 2020 (Flora Mokgohloa, 2010). The fact that commuters are only offered this form of transport within the city, apart from the trains which take it passengers to scattered stations, based too utmost away from each other to be an effective commuter transport system, forces commuters to seek other forms of more efficient transport like using multi people carrier taxis .This in effect, fore-gos the CO2 emissions saved because of the excess taxi emissions caused in response to the search for an affordable transport service. A solution to this could be an incorporation of the the City Bike scheme that major cities such as Amsterdam, Paris and London have taken on. With specific stations positioned in the central business district within of Sandton, Alexandra and Randburg this could cut down congestion of avocation and therefore also make it more efficient. Not to mention the reductions in CO2 emissions will also lead to a healthier, cleaner environment. Joburgs physical landscape is flat, thus use of a central City Bike scheme combined with Car-Free Zones or Zero-CO2 emissions zones could booster a walking, riding or electric personal transport commuter system within the city itself. Laying infrastructure such as bike pathways or electric motorised vehicle lanes would not be too much of a hassle as the reduction in traffic would lead to the the us e of one of the numerous multi-lanes procurable from the current transport infrastructure. City Structure is another important key development area.As suggested in Block 6 by the Mayor of London, Mr Boris Johnson, all new building greater than a certain size needs to obtain its right to be built after scrutiny by the Mayor himself (Course DVD Mayors Speech, 2008). In his scrutiny, the building should pass a number of prerequisites before being given the thumbs up to advance. Among these requirements are the ability of the building to produce 10% of its energy from a renewable source above others.If introduced in Joburg, this could lead to further development of renewable resource suppliers who look to supply the demand for energy from a renewable source. Alternatively the new building could use its own form of energy grounding through Solar or wind power. These are 2 greatly abundant sources of energy not yet fully tapped by the South African market. The technology exists, is in u se in Joburg already in the form of the Cosmo City scheme, essentially a solar water heater system however the demand has lacked and thus not supported further development (Joburg Online, 2011). With the enforcement of more rigid building requirements and energy management supply and manage-Further to this, Joburgs current city structure is the dictionary definition of urban crawl. Put simply, the city has stretched out evenly and not utilized its potential space in the 3D arena. By this I refer to the large area it occupies (it is the largest city in South Africa) and with this lateral extension come greater energy consumption, as suggested by Richard show up in Block 6 (Block 6, 2010. p 129). By setting a required height limit that guarantees a building height and minimalises developments which simply occupies horizontal space. Adding to this could be green incentives like vertical farms for example. Also by narrowing the spaces between building structures, less distance is trav elled by commuters, more tincture is provided and the opportunity for wind to be tunneled throughout the city arises, leading to even less energy consumption by use of air conditioner on calorific summer days. This also answers to the logic of access by proximity.Thus in using the natural landscape the city itself can be evolved, as likened to a living Eco-system in Block 6, to produce natural ways to regulate Joburgs temperature. Joburg gets its power from the only energy producer in South Africa, Eskom. This company as the only supplier with a national grid, controls the energy market as a monopoly. However there are renewable energy opportunities in available in South Africa. Firstly, sitting just outside the tropics, South Africa sees enough sunshine a year to promote the efficient use of solar power. have with this the terrain of the country itself is conducive to use of wind-turbine farms. The problem lies with the fact that these are relatively new technologies which are m ore expensive and which have little demand in South Africa. Cities like Joburg do not have the need for a more expensive energy supplier when there is a cheaper form through Eskom.Government subsidies, as used in the UK with Natural Gas Installations (Course DVD Mayors Speech, 2008), and more rigid requirements for use of renewable sources of energy, could as stated above promote growth in a clean energy supplier market. Initially this is expensive, as subsidies provided by the government will mean cuts elsewhere to eco-projects, however in the long-run (as stated, with the intention of a long-term prospect) the cost of supplying renewable energy will decrease as new technologies become available. In the mean time, using decentralised combined heat and power plants will offset the extra CO2 emissions caused by unnecessary heating in nearby establishments when heat can be harvested and distributed locally from the production of power (Block 6, 2010. p 80).Finally the Education of cit y dwellers/businesses and role of the media is an important factor in the regulation and management of all green initiatives. This is because it helps build the momentum needed to gather support from the state, market and society spheres. Local inhabitants want to feel like what they have to say matters and is taken into consideration when plans for green-initiatives are implemented, and rather a part of the solution. Educating the inhabitants, by holding regular conferences, exhibitions, information evenings in low-income household areas will go a long way to gaining support and ease the process of implementing larger scale initiatives. The role of the media in the development of London shows that even laws can be influence when enough support is gathered and represented (Block 6, 2010.p 54).ConclusionIn summary, the Johannesburg City Government has been presented with information on why Joburg needs to be a sustainable city. Adding to this, what it means to be a sustainable city a nd hence its importance for Joburg as an economic hub was highlighted. Following this, 4 key concepts to the future initial development of Joburg were discussed. Each highlighted the need for a commanding authority who has weight with legislation, a decent budget to throw towards greeninitiatives and the governing and management power to regulate and these initiatives. When an ameliorate society gathers momentum, with the help of the Joburg market and the endorsement of Local Government (the state), it is then that Joburg will start to realise its green potential.ReferencesThe Open University (2009) U116 Environment journeys through a changing world, Block 6, Cities and sustainability, Milton Keynes, The Open University.U116 DVD Block 6, Part 2 Role of political leadership Mayors Speechc40cities Online, 2011. About the c40 , http//www.c40cities.org/about/, Accessed 05/06/2011. Metorex Ltd Online, 2011. Metorex Carbon remnant Report, http//www.metorexgroup.com/cmsAdmin/uploads/2011 0509_MtxCarbonFootprintAnalysis.pdf , Accessed 07/06/2011http//www.southafrica.to/provinces/Gauteng/towns/Johannesburg/Johannesburg.htm , Accessed 05/06/2011 Naidoo, R. 2010. Plan to cut gas emissions, http//www.joburg.org.za/index.phpoption=com_contentview=articleid=4922catid=1 20Itemid=201 , Accessed 06/06/2011 Khalianyane, L. 2011. Energy Effiency in Spotlight, http//www.joburg.org.za/index.phpoption=com_contentview=articleid=6713catid=8 8Itemid=266 , Accessed 06/06/2011

The College Culture Essay Example for Free

The College Culture Essay unrivaled of my most distinct characteristics is that I am a Born Again Christian. Being a Christian is a way of life not just a set of practices. My nonionized religion defines who I am and dictates my actions. Being a Christian influences how I speak, what clothes I wear and what activities I engage in. Our church service is an evangelistic church and so were encouraged to invite pack to church activities. One goal of this field of study is to find out how an outsider receives these invitations. It will also be found out what factors determine the non-Christians response to such invitations.Being a Christian has convinced how I act in situations and most people I know turn in adjusted to my principles. Some have also generalized my in- soulfulness principles such that when they meet former(a) Christians they assume the latter will act the like way as I do in a given up situation. Thus an different aim of this study is to see the effect that i nteractions with Christians has on the perception of Christians as a whole. In order to achieve these goals converses will be undertaken one with a person practicing a opposite religion and an some other with a person with no professed religion.The reference will conk with a backchat of what, in the interviewees perspective, is a Christian. Questions pertaining to how Christians may be differentiated from non-Christians will also be asked. This will be followed by whether or not the interviewee has perpetually so been invited to a Christian gathering onwards and how he or she responded to this invitation. Next, the interviewee will be asked to relate a memor fit experience with a Christian. Finally, the interviewee will be asked to assess based on his interactions with Christians how he believes Christians perceive non-Christians of the same(p) religious look or non-belief as him.It moldiness be borne in mind that the interview itself might be misconstrued as a means to inv ite the non-Christian to church. The interviewee of another religion may even become defensive and this would confound the answers given. Therefore, from the onset it should be made clear that the mark of the interview is to improve Christians relations with non-Christians and to correct every Christian practices which promote nix legal opinions. As Patton stated in his work, an interviewer must be able to build trust at the onset of the interview and the purpose for the interview must be made clear to the interviewee (1987).The topic of religion isnt so much a welcomed concept particularly because of the rivalry and conflicts that have arisen for the sake of religion. In order to prevent the interviews from being another locus for such arguments, a collaborative approach will be encouraged through the research. As it has been emphasized in other studies, research isnt a means to exploit the other rather it is a means to reach a mutually beneficial conclusion regarding overlappi ng interactions of different cultures (Fitzgerald 2005 de Munk Korotayev 2000). Analysis of interrogate MaterialInterviews were conducted with two non-Christians (see Appendix A and B). As was indicated to the respondents, this research has been conducted in order to improve interactions of Christians with non-Christians. As has been discussed by past researchers, a cross-cultural study should benefit not just the researcher but also the person studied (Gibbs 2001). The very essence of collaborative research is that all parties to the study ar benefitted by the findings. Such a conclusion may be reached through the results of the present study. The responses of the respondents may be classified into several dimensions.The first is how past interactions with Christians have affected the respondents perception of Christians. One respondent showed that a positive experience with a workmate allowed him to see Christians in a better light. Despite having had many negative experiences with Christians, a positive face-to-face experience with several Christians was able to lessen his negative impression of Christians in general. On the other render, the other respondent whose personal experience with Christians was negative has now generalized the impression and applied it to all Christians.Therefore, the personal experience with Christians is more important in forming an impression of what a Christian is. However, for persons with deep-rooted biases against Christians due to external factors, such as intercultural conflict, the personal experience only tempers the bias but doesnt alto arse aroundher eliminate it. This is the case with the Muslim respondent interviewed. It must therefore be asked what qualifies as a positive experience. In the case of the Moslem respondent, the positive experience consisted of the Christian attempting to understand the former(prenominal)s religion.It lavatory be seen from the second appended interview that one of the reasons w herefore a negative impression was held of Christians is because I leave them alone to believe what they involve. They could at least expire the same courtesy. This shows that the respondent also hopes for some tolerance from the Christians she encounters. Furthermore, when asked how she felt regarding being invited to her mothers Christian gatherings, the respondent showed that she felt nettle because she had already made it clear that she didnt wish to go.From the above, it can be seen that a first step towards a positive impression is a musing of tolerance on the part of the Christian. This tolerance required in cross-cultural interactions of religions aids in the facilitation of interactions between their subcultures (de Munck Korotayev 2000). This is important particularly since the growing complexity of cabaret ensures that the religious cultural units will interact in one regard or another. However, as evidenced by the Moslem respondent, this tolerance is not sufficie nt to overcome the in-bred conflicts that religious differences have fostered between cultural units.Therefore, a greater level of understanding between cultures is necessary in order to bridge the falling out between religions. In order that this might be achieved the respondents reflect some insight. The agnostic respondent stated, But the fact is that they cant explain why they believe what they do. They cant even explain half of whats written down in the Bible. The Moslem respondent on the other hand stated, But there are those who seem to know astir(predicate) the love that their messiah taught. I have no problem being friends with people equivalent that. The above statements show that Christians need to know nigh the foundation of their own faith in order to be able to preach it to others. A stroke to understand their own religion comes across to non-Christians as insincerity. This insincerity renders the religion in itself doubtful. Non-Christians would thus be even m ore unwilling to learn about a religion which was understood and misapplied by its own followers. Finally, the interview shows that in order that Christians might become more effective in interacting with non-Christians they should be able to engage in a bottom-up process.What normally occurs when Christians invite other people is that they become imposing yet they founding fathert make the endeavor to understand the factors which the person being invited must consider before giving a response to the invitation. In order that they would be able to connect with the person being invited they must be able to understand how the other perceives them as Christians. The Moslem respondent stated, I think they think the same we do about them. That we are wrong in our belief. I think that a lot of Americans are afraid of Moslems though. This shows that he believes that Christians are as stubborn in their belief as he is. Therefore, an invitation from them would mean an attempt at conversion . Being a firm believer of Islam, he would of course say no as he would have no desire to be converted. Therefore, the Christian should be able to explain to the non-Christian the purpose of the invitation, particularly if it is for the reason simply of being able to get to know the other person better. In answer to the question of how she felt when being invited, the agnostic respondent was able to intone a similar response, Annoyed.I mean, they just fagt seem to get a clue. If I wanted to go to church Id do it without any prodding. This shows that the regularity being employed by the Christian mother was no longer effective. In fact, it hadnt been effective for a long time already. And yet, she didnt change her approach or try to talk with her daughter in a more personal manner in order to understand the daughters aversion to religion. The respondents gave answers regarding how they defined what a Christian was. In both answers it is evident that they perceive Christianity as a set of practices and rituals.The essence of Christianity as a lifestyle and as a relational interaction was lost to them. Having learned about their experiences with Christians, it isnt surprising that they feel this way. Its clear therefore from this study that in order to improve cross-cultural interactions between Christians and non-Christians a more personal interaction should be encouraged. This interaction should be imbued with a sense of tolerance for the other and a desire to understand the situation and motives of such other. References De Munck, V. A.Korotayev (2000), Cultural Units in Cross-Cultural Research, Ethnology, 39(4), 335-448. Fitzgerald, T. (2005), Cross-Cultural Research Principles Partnerships, Management in Education, 19(1), 17-20. Gibbs, M. (2001), Toward a Strategy for initiate Cross-Cultural Collaborative Research, Society and Natural Resources, 14, 673-687. Patton, M. Q. (1987), How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation, CA Sage Publications. Appe ndix A Interview with a non-Christian practicing a different religion Interviewer Good afternoon. First, thank you for agreeing to meet me for this interview. to begin with we begin I just want to remind you that the purpose of this study is to better understand the interactions of Christians with members of other religions. Your answers will be used only for the purpose of this study and for no other purposes. Having said that, are you willing to participate in this study? answering Yes. I Thank you. First lets start with some information about you. Is there a religion that you practice? R Im a Moslem. I How long have you been a Moslem? R Well, I was born into a Moslem family so I can say that I have been practicing my faith since I was born.I In your perspective, how would you define a Christian? R Well, Christians are people who believe that Jesus is God and not Allah. We Moslems also believe in Jesus but he is only a prophet and only Allah is God. I Have you ever interacted wit h Christians? R Of course. Most people here are Christians and so I have to deal and talk with them every day. I Have you ever been invited to find out a Christian gathering? R I work with some Christians who have once or twice asked me to go to an activity or concert. I Did you go with them? R No. Its not allowed in Islam to acknowledge other gods.I dont see the point of going anyway. It would be a lie for me to pretend to believe what they would say there. I How did you feel when you were invited? R It was a little awkward. I didnt understand why they would want to. Its not like I would go with them. But at least they dont give me a hard time about being a Moslem. I Are there Christians who do? R Sure. Its not new. There are really those types. I Thats evoke because I also wanted to find out how you think Christians view Moslems. How do you think Christians view Moslems? R I think they think the same we do about them. That we are wrong in our belief.I think that a lot of America ns are afraid of Moslems though. Everyone seems to be afraid well turn into Osama stash away Laden or something. I Thank you for sharing that. Id like to ask you now about some personal experiences youve had with Christians. Is there any particular instance, good or bad, that you shared with a Christian that sticks out from your other interactions? R I remember this one guy at work, the same guy who invited me to that concert at their church, he asked me once about Islam and he seemed genuinely interested. He tried finding similarities between Islam and Christianity.He was pretty nice. He just struck me as different from most Christians and I appreciated that he tried to understand my religion and didnt just base his impression on what other people were saying. I Alright, youve been very responsive so I have only one last question left. As a whole, how would you describe Christians? R Well, most Christians dont know their own religion. There are some who take it too far and they ca n be really condescending. But there are those who seem to know about the love that their Jesus taught. I have no problem being friends with people like that.I Respondent that concludes our interview. Thank you very much for your time. Appendix B Interview with a non-Christian without any professed religion Interviewer Good morning. First, thank you for agreeing to meet me for this interview. Before we begin I just want to remind you that the purpose of this study is to better understand the interactions of Christians with members of other religions. Your answers will be used only for the purpose of this study and for no other purposes. Having said that, are you willing to participate in this study? Respondent Sure. I Thank you.Lets start with some information about you. Is there any religion that you practice? R I dont exactly believe in organized religion. I Was there any religion that you used to practice? R Well, we used to say a prayer at the dinner table before dinner. But tha t was a long time ago. I just dont see the need to anymore. I Alright. Well, as I told you earlier, the focus of this interview is Christians and their interactions with others. So to start off, how would you define a Christian? R Well, Christians are people who read the Bible, believe in God, pray, sing praise songs, all that.I Have you ever been invited to a Christian gathering or activity? R Sure. My mom used to make me go to church with her. She hasnt halt pestering me about it yet. I Do you ever go? R Not since I could say no without getting grounded. I Why dont you? R Like I said, I dont see the purpose. I mean look at my dad, he doesnt go and hes alright. If prayer is all there is to it then my mom is probably praying enough to save all of us. It just doesnt seem important. I How does it make you feel when youre invited? R Annoyed. I mean, they just dont seem to get a clue.If I wanted to go to church Id do it without any prodding. Besides, if God were real then they wouldnt have to work so hard to make the rest of us believe in Him. It all just seems like a whole bunch of lip service. It gets tiring. I Its very helpful that youre talk of the town about your family and how they are active in practicing Christianity. But apart from your family have you had any other interactions with Christians? R Sure. Theyre all the same. Preachy. When you ask them about why theyre doing it though it all boils down to cop-out faith.Who can argue with that? I Is there any particular experience youve had with a Christian that strikes out? R I have this housemate whos all about religion. She keeps leaving little cards with psalms on them in my things. I just find it a little irritating that she cant just accept that I dont do that kind of thing. I The interview is going come up so far so I only have one last question. How do you describe Christians in general? R Well, Christians can be really devout about their faith and about having other people believe the same thing. But the fact is that they cant explain why they believe what they do. They cant even explain half of whats written down in the Bible. Even worse, they cant understand that other people just dont want to believe the same things that they do. I mean, its not that I hate god. I just dont believe he exists. And they act like that makes me the worst scum on earth. I leave them alone to believe what they want. They could at least extend the same courtesy. I Thank you so much. Your responses have been really helpful. That concludes our interview.

Determine Domain and Range Essay Example for Free

Determine Domain and Range Essaythe represent by going to the interpret window, clicking on File, scrolling down to copy to clipboard and clicking on copy to clipboard. In your opened Word document click on Edit/Paste. down the stairs the bedspreadd graph, answer the sideline questions. pull out your answer using inequalities or interval notation. (1) What is the domain of ? The domain of is the set of completely real numbers pool. (-? , +? ) (2) What is the clench of ? The range of is the set of all real numbers greater or equal to zero ( ). 0, +? ) B. On the same graph in Winplot, repeat the procedure to a higher place for a new function and add the graph to the previous graph. duplicate and counterpane the new graph into the Word document. Below the new graph, answer the questions downstairs. Express your answer using inequalities or interval notation. (1) What is the domain of ? The domain of is the set of all real numbers. (-? , +? ) (2) What is the range of ? T he range of is the set of all real numbers greater or equal to two ( ). 2, +? ) C. Again, on the same graph in Winplot that contains the other two functions, graph a third function . Copy and paste the graph into the Word document.Below the graph answer the questions below. Express your answer using inequalities or interval notation. (1) What is the domain of ? The domain of is the set of all real numbers. (-? , +? ) (2) What is the range of ? The range of is the set of all real numbers greater or equal to minus three ( ). -3, +? ) D. By observing the answers you overhear submitted for parts A, B, and C, make a general statement about the domain and range for a function of the type , for a 0 and also for a 0. The domain of is the set of all real numbers. (-? , +? )The range of is the set of all real numbers greater or equal to a ( ). a, +? ) 2. Graphing a unidimensional Function A. Use Winplot to graph the next linear functions on the same graph. See problem one for how to grap h in Winplot and paste the graphs into Word. Copy and paste the graph into the Word document. Below the graph answer the questions shown below. (1) Of the three equalitys, which has the steeper graph? What is its slope? Of the three equations, has the steeper graph. The slope of is 7/4. (2) What point do all three lines have in common?(Express as an ordered pair. ) All three lines have point (0, 0) in common. B. Use Winplot to graph the following three linear functions on the same graph. Copy and paste the graph into the Word document. Below the graph answer the questions shown below. (1) Compare the graph of the first equation to those of the other two equations. What effect does adding the +1 (second equation) and then the -2 (third equation) have on their graphs as compared to the original graph (first equation )? The graph of equation is parallel to graph of equations and .Adding the +1 to the original graph of , moves graph up by 1 unit. Adding the -1 to the original graph of , moves graph down by 2 unit. (2) Complete the following sentence The word which best describes the three lines in the graph is _Parallel__. (choose one perpendicular, intersecting, or parallel. ) (3) What is the slope of distributively of the three lines? The slope of each of the three lines is ?. (4) What is the y-intercept for each line, respectively? Give the ordered pair for each. The y-intercept for lines , , and are (0,0), (0,1), and (0, -2), respectively.C. Using Winplot, graph the functions y = 3 and y = x on the same graph. Copy and paste the graph into the Word document. Below the graph answer the questions shown below. (Enter y = abs(x) into Winplot to graph the second equation). (1) Describe the shape of the graph y = x . The shape of the graph is similar to V. Since y = x, therefore the value of y will be always positive and the graph will be represent by equations of two line that forms V shape at (0,0). (2) What orientation (horizontal or vertical) does the line y = 3 have?The line y = 3 have horizontal orientation. (3) List the ordered pairs of the 3 points which form a triangle in the picture, (-3, 3), (0,0), and (3,3) (4) Using the formula A = ? bh, what is the area of the triangle ideate? A = (1/2)bh = (1/2)*6*3 = 9 square units. 3. Match the Graph of a Function with its Equation A. Copy and paste all six graphs shown below into your Word document. Label each graph with the appropriate equation from the following list. Use Winplot to help determine the correct match of equation to the given graph.

Learning Strategies In A Task Based Learning Education Essay

eruditeness Strategies In A Task Based Learning Education EssayTask-Based style Teaching (TBLT) as one of the ways of implementing a communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach is a favorite method employed by face teachers in Asia (Nunan, 2003) claimed that most Asian countries surveyed (Mainland China, Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam) subscribe to the principles of CLT, and in a number of them, TBLT (the latest corporealization of CLT) is the central pillar of government rhetoric. Task is basically delineate as a goal-oriented classroom bodily function (Ellis, 2003 Nunan, 2006 Oxford, 2006 Prabhu, 1987 Willis, 1998). It requires learners use of target language that is focused more on the conveying of meaning rather than on the form of form (Ellis, 2003 Nunan, 2006 Skehan, 1998). Oxford (2006) completes the definition of tasks as behavioral classroom instructions that argon externally imposed either on a person or a group.There are both basic reas ons to select TBL as an English teaching and knowledge approach. The set-back reason is the desire for a meaning-focused approach that reflects real life language use (Leaver Willis, 2004). Language use needs to be transferred from real world activities into classroom activities, and this can be done through TBL. some other reason for selecting TBL is that task based interactions stimulate natural acquisition do byes (Prabhu, 1987). A number of studies reveal the effectiveness of TBL in enhancing students language proficiency, especially their oral communicating skills (eg., Ahmed, 1996 Lochana Deb, 2006).It is official policy that the teaching and knowledge process of English as a foreign language at the Business Administration Department of the earth Polytechnic of Malang is through a Task-Based Learning (TBL) approach. TBL has been adopted by the Business Administration department of the State Polytechnic of Malang because, as the latest realization of the Communicative L anguage Teaching (CLT) approach, TBL is an implementation of the overarching Competency-Based curriculum the department employs. The selection of English teaching topics in this department is initiated with a needs analysis the department regularly visits companies to survey employers expectation of their future employees skills. Most companies, especially the foreign companies, expect that their future employees possess adequate English oral communication skills as the prototypic priority. Thus, the first goal of the teaching of English as a foreign language at this department is toward students adequate oral communication proficiency. In this study, I define a task as a classroom activity that is focused on meaning rather than on form and that requires the learners to achieve evident outcomes by employing English as the target language for oral communication skills as used in real life. Appendix 1 is an example of TBL activity to develop the required skills.The combination of ne eds analysis and appropriate TBL activities would seem to be the most effective way to develop the required skills. The implementation of Task-Based Learning has unfortunately had limited success to date. Most students graduating from the Business Administration department do not possess adequate oral communication skills. This problem is putting surface among Indonesian tertiary education institutions, especially in the non-English departments. With my informal observation of teaching in this non-English department, this lack of success is in some part repayable to teachers limited familiarity with suitable and appropriate implementation of Task-Based Learning. Measures need to be taken to improve the quality of the implementation of the TBL and this can be done through appropriately manipulating task characteristics and conditions.However, manipulating task characteristics and conditions alone does not guarantee the meeting of a pedagogic outcome attention also needs to be dire cted to the learners as the participants of the tasks. Learners attention and their own skill needs contribute to their efforts to pull ahead task outcomes (Murphy, 2003). The more effort students make to reach the outcome, the better the result of the eruditeness ordain be. Their strategies to accomplish the tasks largely go out their success in attaining the pedagogic goal.Learning strategies are personal efforts employed by learners to complete tasks , and students of distinguishable learning styles and different cultural background may employ different strategies to learn to communicate in a foreign language (Lam, 2007). Furthermore, appropriate employment of learning strategies plays an urgent role in promoting students self-confidence regarding the ontogenesis of their communicative competence (Oxford, 1990). Successful learners are believed to effectively employ appropriate learning strategies.Regarding the teachability feature of learning strategies, a number of look ers (Griffiths Parr, 2001 Oxford, 1990, 1996) argue that learning strategies are relatively easy to teach and modify. Students can be trained to be aware of and more conscious of learning schema use and more proficient at employing appropriate strategies. Task requirements and teachers expectations that are expressed through classroom instructional methods also shape students learning strategy choice.With the assumption that a task-based learning approach impart help students in developing their communication skills and that the implementation of this approach will result in students use of effective learning strategies which in turn will elevate students success in developing their communication skills, I am interested in conducting a collaborative action research case study to produce an effective task-based learning program which aims to develop students verbal communication skills and to explore the touch on of task-based learning on students employment of learning strategie s.Purpose of the StudyThe prime concern of this study is to essay non-English department students learning strategies in a task-based learning approach which focuses on their oral communication skills.Research QuestionsThe aforementioned purpose of the study leads to the formulation of research questions as followWhat learning strategies do students with a range of oral proficiency levels employ during the implementation of a task-based learning approach?Do these learning strategies change during a TBL program?What are the students and teachers cognition of the impact of TBL on the employment of learning strategies?Delimitation of the StudyAs reflected by the needs analysis conducted with prospective employers, the first required skills to be have by graduates of the Business Administration department of the State Polytechnic of Malang are their oral communication skills. Academically, the TBL program is designed to develop students oral communication skills. In accordance with t his focus, my intention to explore students use of learning strategies is focused on the students employment of oral communication learning strategies.MethodologyThis research will be informed by a qualitative research paradigm and involve an action research case study. It is an action research approach in which I will work collaboratively with one of the English teachers to improve the quality of the EFL teaching and learning process in this vocational higher education institution in Indonesia which is using a TBL program. During the implementation of the TBL, I will explore students employment of learning strategies as a bound system (a case) or multiple bounded systems (cases) over time, through detailed, in-depth information collection involving multiple sources of information (Creswell, 2007). Regarding the multiple sources of information, I will use some different instruments of entropy collection to wit questionnaire, one on one interviews, focus group discussions, and do cument reviews (students scores of their oral communication skills which is always officially conducted by the teacher every semester, students learning daybooks, and teachers reflective journals).The research participants will be nine second year students of the Business Administration department of the State Polytechnic of Malang. These students are within a range of oral communication skills levels three students are of the high rank, three are average, and the last three are of low rank. The determination of the students levels is based on their test scores (final semester scores). Because the first goal of teaching English in this department is developing oral communication skills, then, their final test scores are to measure their oral communication skills. Based on their scores, students who belong to the high rank, middle rank and low rank will be invited to be recruited as the participants of the study. Because this study, in one part, will be a collaborative action resear ch, the class teacher will also be a participant in the study.The Methods of the study will includeQuestionnaire (Oral Communication Strategy inventorying/OCSI), adopted from Nakatani (2006). For detail description of the strategies inventory please refer to appendix 2.Students learning journals (One approach per week)Teachers reflective journal (One launch per two weeks)Focus group discussion (see appendix 3 for the interview guide)One on one interviews (one to expand on students responses on the OCSI questionnaire, one for an interview with the teacher, and one interview for the Stimulated Recall)Direct observations of both students classroom activities and of videotaped students classroom activities. For these observations, checklist and field notes will be used. The observation checklist is presented in Appendix 4.The data collection process will be conducted following three stagesStage One Preliminary data collectionIndication of students real language levels (the oral comm unication proficiency levels). This procedure will be conducted following the official testing method as usually implemented by the institution. The oral production test rating scale including its description is attached. The result of this test will determine the participants whom I will invite to participate in my study. The first three students of the high, three of the average, and the last three of the low rank groups to volunteer will be recruited as the participants of my study.Completion of OCSI questionnaire (Oral Communication Strategy Inventory) which is fit from Nakatani (2006).This inventory will be translated into Bahasa Indonesia in order to gain true response from the participants without foreign language difficulties that may intervene. This procedure will function to determine the existing language learning strategies that students employ.One -on- One interviewThis one -on- one interview will assist me to expand on the questionnaire data to gain deeper information from the participants regarding their use of learning strategies. The interview will also be conducted in Bahasa IndonesiaStage Two During data CollectionStudents learning journal (one entry per week, in Bahasa Indonesia)In this learning journal participants are expected to respond to the following questionsWhat strategy did you use in accomplishing the task?Why did you employ this strategy?Name the strategy and explain how (the context) in which you used the strategy.Classroom activities videotapingThere will be classroom activities videotaping once per week with duration of 90 minutes per lesson. This will be conducted for 6 weeks.Stage Three Final Data CollectionDirect observation of classroom activitiesRedo of questionnaire shutting (Oral Communication Strategies Inventory/OCSI)Videotaped pair work activities for use in the stimulated recall interviewFinal interview on the use of learning strategies as the extension of the OCSI questionnaire completion and Stimulated Recall (pair interview)Official administration of final test on oral communication using the same test administered in the initial process of data collection.Additional data will be collected through the collaborative relationship with the class teacher. Data collection will be in the following stagesStage One an interview in which the teacher is asked to explain his understanding of TBL and student learning strategies.Stage Two a reflective journalStage Three a final interview in which the teacher is asked to revisit his understanding of TBL and learning strategies and to reflect on his perception of the impact of the higher up on the students language skillsDetails of data collection activities are as put in the data collection calendar in appendix 5.Data analysis approachThe data analysis of this study will begin during the data collection process. To analyse qualitative data, it is preferred to do it simultaneously with data collection (eg. Merriam, 2009). The analysis will be focused on students employment of learning strategies during the accomplishment of TBL. This learning strategy exploration is the main tool to analyse the data. The analysis will be based on the Oral Communication Strategies Inventory (OCSI) developed by Nakatani (2006) which sees learning strategies as conscious cognitive behaviours with two main categories namely strategies for coping with speaking problems and strategies for coping with listening problems. The speaking strategies are composed of 8 factors while the listening strategies consist of 7 factors. I will also analyse students employment of learning strategies based on their oral communication levels students of high rank, of middle rank, and of low rank. Appendix 6 shows the draw of main framework of the data analysis. Since this study involves more than one subject, the data analysis will be within-case analysis followed with across-case analysis.To answer the second research question, I will analyse the data chronologically from the beginning of the semester until the end of the semester. There will be three periods of chronological analysis with one period cover version five-week implementation of TBL. This is to analyse the change of learning strategy use.Data on students and the teachers perceptions of the impact of TBL on the development of learning strategies will answer the third research question. This may be an exploration of differences between students and the teachers perceptions. There may also be an analysis of differences in the teachers perceptions before the implementation of TBL and after the implementation of TBL.In general, the data analysis will follow these stepsIdentifying units.This unit is a potential answer or part of an answer to the research questions. To answer the first research question, I will analyse students strategies for coping with speaking problems and strategies for coping with listening problems. Secondly, there will be units of analysis of individual students, a group of students with the same level of oral communication skills, and students of across levels of oral communication skills. Third, I will conduct a chronological analysis of the students learning strategies development/changes of every-five-week period of TBL implementation.Categorizing the units.This will be conducted through classifying units based on the recurring regularities of the data. Included in this stage is sorting or reducing redundant data and making a concrete description of observable data. The identified data of students use of learning strategies in the implementation of TBL will be described in detail.Interpreting the data.At this stage the categorized data will be interpreted and referred back to the theory. It is a process of making inferences or generating theory. I will refer back to the learning strategies theories (for example, Cohen Macaro, 2007 McDonough, 1995 OMalley Chamot, 1990 Oxford, 1990) including communication strategies theories (for exampl e, Bialystok, 1990).

The Once and Future King by T. H. White | Symbolism

The Once and forthcoming queen mole rat by T. H. White SymbolismThe grandness of symbolismism in literature should not be underemphasized because it links the concrete everyday experiences of our lives with more significant interpretations the author applies to those experiences. Symbols be a major element in how literature works.(Oldham) Symbolism is apply by T. H. White throughout The Once and futurity King, and each of the symbols used enhances and adds depth to the story. The Questing Beast is more than a monster it represents meaningless quests.(Ogden-Korus) The sword is more than a weapon it is a symbol for all that is skillful and courageous in Arthurian legend.(Lozon) The Round mesa is not merely a plot of ground of furniture that King Arthur chose to place in his castle it is a symbol representing the ideals of knighthood and Arthurs leadership style.(Lupack) The Holy grail is not only a pursued cheer it represents a promise of a young beginning.(Howard) Symbolis m in The Once and approaching King is important because of the enhanced depth and meaning it gives to the story as can be seen in the Questing Beast, the sword, the Round Table, and the Holy Grail.Symbolism is practically difficult to interpret in literature because symbols can have complex meanings which go beyond their literal or a single meaning. In truth, the most expressive symbols in literature do represent a range of meanings. This often confuses and frustrates readers and results in them failing to appreciate the full meaning and depth of a literary work.(Ricouer) For example, a flag can be much more than a symbol representing a particular country. For many people, a flag can symbolize abstract ideas about the ideals of what that country represents to them.(Ohio University) When the complex meanings of the symbols in The Once and Future King be discovered, a new level of collar is gained by the reader. It becomes apparent that not only is the story about the Arthurian le gend, it is about the centre and ideals that are represented by that legend.The Questing Beast is an iconic symbol of Arthurian legend.(Batt) As implied by its name, its function is to be the object of quests. This beast, with a monstrous barking illegitimate enterprise coming from its stomach, is often described as having a leopards body, a serpents head, a lions hindquarters, and a deers feet. In The Once and Future King, T. H. White uses this misunderstood creature to excuse Pellinores quest for the beast and to symbolize that there is really no good reason for Pellinore to spend a large part of his life in this quest. Pellinore holds no real personal anger against the beast, and pursues him only because every cardinal in his family has always done so. Pellinores long search symbolizes all the pointless knightly pursuits encouraged by gallantry ungrounded in the belief might makes right. The unlikely body parts which form this beast symbolize the chaos of those pursuits.(Ogden -Korus) When the reader understands the symbolism in the Questing Beast, a new meaning and depth is given to the story. The life depicted by the knights and, in turn, many quests sought by people are often fruitless endeavors with no real purpose.While the symbolism in the Questing Beast represents fruitlessness, the symbolism in the sword is much different. The mystical sword of King Arthur is a weapon of big physical and magical powers, and is one of the most famous items associated with Arthurian legend. It, however, is more than a weapon. In the sword is symbolized everything that is noble and valiant in the world. It is a symbol of strength, pride, power, and the authority one man can command to bring an entire nation under his rule.(Lozon) Such swords are made so that only a few or one specific person can use them effectively because they are a symbol of divine kingship. In T. H. Whites The once and Future King, the words engraved on the sword are Whoso Pulleth Out This Sword of this Stone and Anvil, is Rightwise King Born of All England.(p. 197) Arthurs ability to pull the sword from the fossa proves his worthiness as a leader and his acceptance of all the responsibility that such leadership entails.(Lai) The sword is really a test used to diagnose outer physical strength from an inner morality, and only the worthy posses that quality.(Lai) Understanding the symbolism of the sword in The Once and Future King gives depth to what are the true qualities of power and leadership in the world and the responsibilities that accompany that leadership.Comparatively, the true qualities of power and leadership are further symbolized in The Once and Future King by the Round Table. In the story, the table is not merely the physical object around which Arthur and his knights sit, it is the physical representation of the equality among them. Its round shape symbolizes luridness and justice for all. When seated around the table, no one could claim more importance th an another. (Lupack) The great sense of equality depicted by the Round Table can be found in Robert Waces poem, Le Roman de Brut.Arthur fashioned the Round TableOf which many tales are toldThere sit his knights, from each one one equal to the nextThey sit equally at the TableAnd are equally served.None of them can boastThat he sits ahead of the next.None has a favored position,And none is excluded.(9751-60)An understanding of the sense of equality symbolized by the Round Table enables the reader to realize the importance in the shape of the table.Further symbolized in the shape of the table is the entire order of knighthood and the code of chivalry to which the knights committed themselves in their lives and in the pursuits they followed. This code of fairness was expressed by many characteristics including courtesy, honor, and loyalty.(Lupack) Each of these characteristics stress the importance of leading a moral and righteous life. Through an understanding of the symbolism in the Round Table, the reader gains a deeper appreciation for the importance of right makes right and the necessity of equality in life and its quests.Regardless of ones quests in life, the aim of each is to obtain a treasure. In The Once and Future King, an important treasure sought is the Holy Grail. Reading the story without understanding the symbolic meaning of the Holy Grail leads one to believe that it is simply a cup. Understanding the symbolism, however, leads to a much deeper appreciation of the significance of this treasure its promise for a new beginning in life. The hardships involved in obtaining that promise are reflected in the degree of difficulty it takes to achieve it. Most people would prefer to cling to the familiar, no matter how unsatisfying it may be, rather than face the new. The lust and the ability to strive for change distinguishes the hero from the rest of humanity. (Howard) Looking at the symbolic meaning of the Holy Grail gives the reader a better understand ing of all that can be achieved through the quests in ones life.In conclusion, although it is often difficult to interpret symbolism in literature, it is important to do so in The Once and Future King because of the enhanced depth and meaning the reader can gain from the story. From the Questing Beast, the reader learns that might does not necessarily make right. The qualities of honorable and valiant leaders can be discovered in the sword. The Round Table supports the ideal that right does means right. Finally, the symbolism in the Holy Grail uncovers a new meaning to the quests that one attempts in life. Indeed, symbolism in literature should not be seen as frustrating. Instead, it should be viewed as exciting because it opens doors to redundant reading, rereading, and discussion. This, in turn, gives a further insight and meaning to literature. Symbolism, through the many layers of meaning it conveys, gives literature its deep and lasting qualities.

An Analysis of Poetic Justice in Macbeth

An Analysis of poetic Justice in Macbeth The play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare is a story almost a man named Macbeth and his quest for power. In the antecedent of the play, Macbeth is a brave and noble soldier, who is crowned as Thane of Cawdor by fag Duncan. After becoming Thane of Cawdor he and Banquo come across three witches who give them each three predictions. The witches predict that Macbeth will become the Thane of Glamis, the thane of Cawdor and then magnate. At first these predictions mean nothing to Banquo and Macbeth, that then Macbeth starts thinking that if the witches were right about one prophecy, then it must be true that he will become King. This prophecy mixed with the deviate of his wife, lead him to kill King Duncan. After Macbeth became King, Macduff and Banquo have suspicions that it was Macbeth who slayed Duncan. Macbeth kills Banquo and tries to kill Macduff to avoid being caught, unfortunately Macduff has already assembled an army to kill Mac beth. When the army reaches Macbeth, Macduff fights him and kills him. With Macbeth gone, Malcolm rightfully becomes King of Scotland. The conclusion of Macbeth contains a high degree of poetic justice because of the slaying of Macbeth, Macduff being the man to slay Macbeth, Malcolm becoming King of Scotland and Lady Macbeth committing suicide. In the beginning of the story we get a false impression of Macbeth, because we see him as a brave, loyal and trusted soldier. After he kills King Duncan, we see Macbeth as an evil, greedy and power-hungry. Macbeth continues his murderous ways when he kills Banquo and tries to kill Fleance so they couldnt be his successor as King. Then Macbeth kills Macduffs family, because he knows hat Macduff has a suspicion that he killed King Duncan. Macbeth is truly a murderer that has gotten away with everything he has done. Macbeth realizes that he has changed and cant go back I am in blood. Steppd in so far that should I wade no more, returning were a s tedious as go oer. (3.4. 136-138). Poetic justice is established when Macbeth is slain, because he had killed many people, each of which were innocent and had done nothing wrong to Macbeth. He finally gets proper justice when Macduff kills him for his actions throughout the play. Macduff is the Thane of Fife and is one of the first people to suspect that Macbeth killed King Duncan. Macbeth is awake that Macduff suspects him as the murderer, so he sends out men to kill him. When Macbeths men get to Macduffs castle he is not there, but his family is and the men kill Macduffs family. Macduff learns that his family has been killed either my pretty ones? Did you say all? O hell-kite All? What all my pretty chickens, and their dam at one fell swoop? (4.3.216-218). This shows the love that Macduff had for his family and how execrable he became when he knew he would never see them again. Poetic justice is established when Macduff slays Macbeth because he gets justice for what Macbeth did to his family by killing the man who made him lag his whole family which he cared for so much. Malcolm is the eldest son of king Duncan and the rightful heir to his throne. When King Duncan is killed, Malcolm was the next in line and should have became king, but instead he fled to England out of fear of being suspected as his fathers murderer. Since Malcolm and his younger brother Donalbain fled, there was no one to take the throne other than Macbeth. Poetic justice occurs when Malcolm becomes King of Scotland because he was supposed to be King since King Duncans death but instead Macbeth becomes king. Malcolm gets his poetic justice when he finally gets what he rightfully deserved since his father died. Lady Macbeth is the wife of Macbeth and is an influencing factor in Macbeths decision to kill King Duncan. Without her influence Macbeth may not have killed King Duncan. It was her influence that made her feel guilty, because she knew she was just as much a part of the murder as Macbeth was. This guilt leads her to start sleepwalking, where she attempts to wash blood saturnine her hands during her sleep. Although the play never mentions why she committed suicide it is most likely that it was because she couldnt live with the guilt she felt. Poetic justice occurs when Lady Macbeth commits suicide because she was a big part of the murder of King Duncan and gets what she deserved when she kills herself because of her own guilt. She deserved to die because of what she did to influence Macbeth into killing King Duncan. In conclusion, the ending of the play Macbeth provides a high degree o Poetic Justice as a result of

Piracy of Technology Essay -- Computers Electronics Papers

Piracy of Technology The topic that I chose for my website and thesis project is piracy of computer software, music, and video from the Internet and otherwise digital sources. With technology growing at faster rates than ever, this has become a very large problem practically overnight. Even though software and video piracy has become a huge problem, music imitateright infringement has by far overshadowed these two. You can find a new term in the news about it almost every day and every one has an opinion including me. And I will be more than happy to package mine later. I will begin by discussing software piracy. This crime has been around for a long time. Unlike the others, it has been a problem ever since the orgasm of computers. It also comes in many shapes and sizes. It is also very easy to copy and the duplicate is usually as good as the original. From the day that a contribution of software is created, federal copyright laws automatically protect it. The only w ay that a consumer can copy a piece of copyright software is to copy it onto a single computer or to make another copy for archival purpose only (Computer 2). It is very illegal to copy and sell copyrighted software, and there can be very heavy fines if a violator gets caught. It is considered a federal crime and comes with punishments of up to five years in lock away and a $250,000 fine (Computer 2). There are many types of software piracy including soft loading, which is the purchase of a single user software license that is therefore loaded onto many computers (Computer 1). This occurs in the office most frequently. Counterfeiting is making and selling fake copies of real software. People also rent software to consumers when they do not have permission from th... ...stm. Computer Software Piracy. 26 serve 2003. http//bbb.org/library/pastip.asp. How to Stop Online Music Piracy 9 April 2003. http//www.pan.com/piracy/. MacOpinion In acknowledgment of Piracy 9 April 2003. http//www.macopinion.com/columns/curmudgeon/99/01/28.html. Music Piracy and the Home Audio Recording Act 9 April 2003. http//www.law.duke.edu/journals/dltr/articles/2002dltr0023.html. Music Piracy Report 2002 26 March 2003. http//www.ifpi.org/site-content/antipiracy/piracy2002.html. Music Piracy Can Be Controlled 9 April 2003. http//www.pcworld.com/resource/printable/article/0,aid,16895,00.asp. Software Piracy and the Definition of Shareware 9 April 2003. http//www.notepager.net/piracy.htm. Kazaa Taunts Record biz Catch Us 9 April 2003. http//www.wired.com/news/mp3/0,1285,55356,00.html.