Explain how Dickens conveys setting, character and atmosphere in the opening chapter of ‘Great Expectations’

In the opening chapter of ‘Great Expectations' Dickens draws upon a wealth of literary devices which range from the carefully selected word to a rather grand style of writing in long, complex sentences. He focuses these literary devices on conveying setting, character and atmosphere which enable the reader to have a entertaining, fictional experience. Immediately, in the first line the reader realises who the main character is and begins to build a picture of him. The reader is conscious of an older narrator looking back on his childhood when the following line announces: â€Å"I called myself Pip, and came to be called Pip.† As the first chapter is all about â€Å"Pip† it is appropriate that readers should be able to envisage the main character who will transport them to a Victorian childhood. In the second paragraph the reader deduces that Pip is very imaginative as from the â€Å"shape of the letters† on his father's gravestones he has formed an image of a â€Å"square, stout, dark man with curly black hair.† It's important that the reader understands at this early stage that Pip's imagination has such a hold over him as later on in the chapter. It explains why Pip obeys the convict and is so frightened of him. The young boy is in thrall to his child-like imagination. The setting of the novel is closely associated with the main character as is revealed by the line: â€Å"ours was the marsh country†. The word â€Å"ours† is not simply a pronoun; it gives the reader the impression that he has always lived there like the generations. The word suggests he feels, even as an adult looking back on his childhood, somewhat proprietorial about the marshes. In short, the marshes were his homeland or heartland. The memory of that day at the marshes is described as â€Å"vivid and broad.† These words give the reader the impression that what happened was something unforgettable that stood apart from all of Pip's other memories in the way that vivid colours stand out and you remember them better. The word â€Å"broad† signifies a lot of things happened in the short space of time. Dickens goes on to describe the day as â€Å"raw† which initially seems to contradict the word â€Å"vivid† however it reinforces the idea that the day was memorable. The word is an interesting choice as it is often associated with cold and unpleasant experiences as opposed to â€Å"vivid† which makes one think of reds and oranges which are warm and cosy. . The area around Pip is a â€Å"bleak place overgrown with nettles†. Dickens' words seem to be chosen deliberately. â€Å"Bleak† is important as all the next paragraph is going to be about how desolate this area is and how Pip is alone where as the word â€Å"nettles† makes the reader think of being stung. When you're stung by a nettle you remember it because it hurts like Pip remembers this day. Throughout the opening chapter Dickens uses noun phrases to describe â€Å"scattered cattle†, â€Å"broken shoes† and â€Å"high tombstones† These enhance his description of place and in the â€Å"wilderness† of the marshes, the reader builds up a picture of there being nothing else there which makes it appear a very lonely setting where one may have to fight to survive. In effect the description of the setting foreshadows the fight for survival the prisoner will have, mentally and physically. Furthermore, the single word â€Å"wilderness† also has another connotation i.e. the marshes reflect Pip's inner feelings. Pip is â€Å"dark† inside as he has no happiness. He's a working boy whose parents and brothers have died which makes him â€Å"flat† as he has no highs or lows The setting and atmosphere link incredibly closely with one and another and without Dickens excellent description of the setting the reader would be unable to build such an atmosphere which engages their mind and senses building up fear and suspense. The reader understands Pip is alone however being alone can be very beautiful, peaceful and relaxing but the reader creates the scared atmosphere after Dickens adds the adverbial phrases and noun phrases like â€Å"place overgrown with nettles†, â€Å"dark, flat wilderness†, â€Å"low leaden line†, â€Å"distant savage lair†, and â€Å"wind was rushing†. All of these are dark, frightening phrases which don't describe any beauty. The description of the sea as a â€Å"distant savage lair† is also a very good description of what the marshes are to the convict. A â€Å"lair† is somewhere an animal often â€Å"savage† lives and the convict is living in the marshes and he is like an animal as he's uneducated and eats â€Å"ravenously† as well as having a â€Å"savage† mind and temperament for he makes threats involving blood (â€Å"savage† and blood are closely linked) and is physical unkind turning Pip upside down. The key thing about a â€Å"lair† is the fact it conceals the animal and the convict is much concealed as prior to him just appearing Pip is unaware anyone else is there; this links with â€Å"distant† as at that point any threat to Pip is very â€Å"distance† in his mind as he is believing that he's alone. The convict â€Å"started up from among the graves† is how his entrance is described but the words â€Å"started up† mirror and foreshadow how something else is starting up and that is Pip's change in fortune. â€Å"Started up† is also different and unusual in this context as it would normally be used for a car or a mechanical thing not a person. The difference between people and mechanical things are people have feelings and at this point in the story the convict is being portrayed as a cold man who doesn't seem to have feelings or concern for anything just gets on with life. Before the reader develops a sense of sympathy for the convict, his mannerisms make a reader afraid of him and understand why Pip as a small boy would have followed his orders. He never talks without issuing commands. His first spoken word is usually an imperative verb which gives the reader the impression the convict will not tolerate disobedience. The sentence, â€Å"Hold your noise!† hints at the convict's concern not to be discovered. He is a â€Å"fearful man† and a long descriptions of the convict follows in which Dickens uses a string of adverbial phrases to emphasise the dreaded physical condition of the convict who had been â€Å"†¦soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this way, a picture of sustained suffering is created that arouses the sympathy of the reader. Pip is under the sole control of the convict and has no room to negotiate with a man who is â€Å"so sudden and strong†. He has to do what the convict says for fear of the verbal threats becoming true and these are forced more on him by the convict's unkind physical treatment including turning Pip â€Å"upside down†. This re-enforces the frightening atmosphere to the reader as reading between the lines they see Pip has no way of escaping. When Pip speaks he does so in Standard English e.g. â€Å"My sister †¦ wife of Joe Gargery, the blacksmith.† In contrast the convict uses slang â€Å"pint† and â€Å"mind to't† and sometimes then he doesn't pronounce words right – he says â€Å"wittles† instead of â€Å"victuals†. Dickens endears Pip in the way to a middle-class audience. Dickens use repetition several times but changes it slightly each time he uses it. Sometimes he just repeats the exact same sentence â€Å"He tilted me again†¦He tilted me again†¦He tilted me again.† This reinforces the point he is making of the convict having control over Pip and builds the reader's feelings even higher creating more of a frightening atmosphere. At other times his repetition is slightly changed by singular words, this links the second part back to the first and the reader is able to build a stronger link between the two. A good example of this is â€Å"partly, to keep myself upon it; partly, to keep myself from crying.† here the reader sees how both bits are about the same issue, Pip holding onto the tombstone, and receives a better description of why he's doing it but by the repetition the link between them is strengthened. The final description of the setting refers to â€Å"horizontal lines† of â€Å"red† and â€Å"black†. Using â€Å"lines† is a really good description as â€Å"lines† are very insignificant to many people just like this area is insignificant so no-one hardly comes but without lines nothing would be in the world or happen. As lines form the foundations of letters which allow communication, lines are seen everywhere like on roads and things are built with lines – classroom desk edges are straight lines; and without Pip being a little line figure â€Å"intermixed† with all these other lines he wouldn't of met the convict, who therefore couldn't of been his benefactor which means Pip wouldn't of formed the foundations for his journey in becoming a gentleman. The first line description of a â€Å"long black horizontal line† is very significant in the fact it's very plain and simple and that reflects how the marshes were now, they were just simply plain marshes again. However it also reflects how Pip felt and how his life was just one â€Å"long line† that so far had never changed. Furthermore it also singles a slight change in the atmosphere although there is still the â€Å"frightening† threat of the â€Å"young boy† all the high drama has stopped so the reader can take a step back and is able to think about what just happened. Dickens uses similes in his writing to add extra description and allow the reader to imagine better. The use of a simile is very useful for describing the â€Å"beacon† as many readers may not have known what Dickens was talking about especially if they lived in the city but by saying it was â€Å"like an unhooped cask upon a pole† they are fully able to visualise what it is. So as well as telling a great story Dickens is also introducing his readers to new words. In addition Dickens talks about the convict â€Å"as if he were the pirate come to life,† by using a metaphor he's adding yet a different literary tool. In fact using the tool of a metaphor is very good as they create an image the reader can relate to and remember easily. But Dickens didn't just use any metaphors he carefully selected them using key words such as â€Å"pirate† which relates back to what he's talking about – the gibbet. â€Å"Pirates† are also scary and people that threaten others to get what they want just as the convict is a â€Å"fearful† person and has threatened Pip to get food. â€Å"But, now I was frightened again, and ran home without stopping.† is a fabulous final line which makes the reader hungry for more. This sentence sums up the entire chapter well as it relates back to Pip previously being frightened when it says â€Å"frightened again† however it leaves you very much on a cliff-hanger wanting to know if Pip gets home safely and if he returns with food for the convict. This was one of Dickens preferred styles as he wrote in episodes but now when they are all put together it forms something excellent as you read stories within a story. In general, Dickens' style of writing in incredibly long sentences helps set the atmosphere of there being something more to this story than meets the eye, this allows the reader's mind to work overtime and read between the lines. Sentences like â€Å"A man who had been soaked in water †¦ as he seized me by the chin.† and â€Å"On the edge of the river †¦ which had once held a pirate.† also helps build a clearer picture in the readers mind. All the sub-clauses in the sentences as well give Dickens plenty of time to describe every fraction of detail about the setting or a characters appearance which if you can give the text your full attention without any distractions transport you very easily into this world therefore you don't watch it like a movie but live it like a life. Sub-clauses in long sentences such as â€Å"soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones.† are dramatised by the use of commas before the word and. You would not think, especially not in today's modern world, that there should be a comma before the word and however Dicken's deliberately chose to do this. As by having the commas the reader has to slow down when reading the long sentences which gives them chance to digest what they have just read and it sinks into their head more. But in addition it also holds the reader in suspense, only for a couple of seconds, but in that time they build up an urge to read on. In conclusion, the opening chapter sets up the book as an incredibly worthwhile read which seems to semi-autobiographical and concerned with making a commentary on life, childhood and the class system of Victorian England. In order to express his views through a best-selling novel he combined a range of elements including romance, mystery, crime, comedy and sentiment. It's paramount for the reader to deduce and infer these from the description of the setting, characters and atmosphere allowing them to get the most out of this magnificent book. The opening chapter is a curtain-raiser for the rest of the novel in which Dickens takes the reader back in time to experience a Victorian childhood.

Bremont Watches Introduction

The good thing for luxury product is that they generally faced very less competition as there are not so many companies who produces the same luxury products and try to allure the customers. But still the competitors required to be managed at very large scale. In case of watches the number companies who produce luxury watches are comparatively high (Sarvary, 2006). Here the competition analysis has been done for Bremont watches. Further, the positioning and segmentation had also done in an appropriate manner. This report provided the clear overview about the competition level within the industry and its impact on the positioning of Bremont watches. Company overview The cited organization is active in the business of manufacturing the luxury watches and has created its huge reputation with respect to dealing with upper section of the society. The major factor which determines their success is their collaboration and dedication to some of the leading companys active in various other industries. The company commenced its business year 2002 in England and till now they have developed their business like anything. They are growing their business immensely and more that they grow of trust of customers enormously. The success of the company could be measured by the fact that they have captured a huge market share in just a span of 13 years. The overview of Bremont watches couldnt be finished without describing its most innovative and unique brand in the history of watches (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2010). It is to acknowledge that the brand has set all the parameters since its inception when they start a journey from Thames England. Trip Tick case design i s the technology which is used by Bremont watches. Use of genuine steel and crystal is something which provides the strong base of the companys product range. The tag line of the company is trusted beyond endurance could be realized within their technological development within their products. The main aim of the company is to deliver maximum value to the customers and ensuring the high level of luxury, style and elegance within the product range. Competitors/Competitive advantages/ USP The list of competitive advantage for the Bremont watches is very huge. The USPs for brand is completely amazing and inspiring as they have set all the benchmarks which helped them in creating their distinctive identity and becoming the most valuable brand. The major USP is that the Bremont watches are highly COSC certified and it just increases the reliability. Another competitive advantage factor is related to their exceptional range of products. They manufactured pilots watches and other watches which are suitable for mountaineers, people who dive or remain in water for a longer period of time, celebrities, etc. the range of products is very immense and it just increases their market ratio as well. Further, the USP is that company produces the products which are handmade and these watches are just limited editions. EP 120 is very fine example where a company sets the standards and increases their sales ratio at very large scale (Schultz, Tannenbaum and Allison, 1996). Further, the USP is that Bremont watches have created their international collaboration and tie ups with other renowned brands, Martin Baker, Jaguar and Norton are some of the greatest brands which are associated with Bremont watches and indicates towards the level of luxury status of the cited brand. It is a USP for the company that they have emerged as one of the leading watch manufacturing brand in the entire UK or in the British history. The partnership with Jaguar provides the new height of success of to watch manufacturers and enable them to increase their competitive advantage. The design of watches is also attractive which creates their distinctive identity as compare to its competitors. There are various other innovative approaches which also increase the competitive advantage of the mentioned business entity (Sharp, 1991). The company has a competitive edge in investing into their business and most importantly the business entity increase their expertise as well. The technological adv ancement of the company is also allowing them to put positive impression at the mindset of customers. The company believes that the main component of being a luxury brand is introducing the pioneer technology and giving the strong edge to the products. The industry standards have been followed by the company which also corroborates towards the highest level of competitiveness. Further, the brand endorsements have also done in an appropriate manner by the company. In order to increase the unique features of the product and to outrun the competitors the company have got into tie ups not only with other companies, but also they have their association with celebrities as well (Vieceli And Valos, 2000). It also increases their competitive advantage and can definitely put positive impact at the buying decision of the consumers. The material which company used is something which enables them to get the support and appreciation of industry experts and authority bodies. The raw material used for watches is completely fine and is of superior quality. Thus, on the basis of above discussion two major factors that could be treated USP are the strategic alliance and innovation. The strategic alliance is now a days very much significant to survive or to outrun the competitors. Ahead innovation is something which is essential element to become the luxury brands. Thus it becomes clear that the company has developed its edge on the ground of legal aspects as well. All the industry standards have been followed and different layer technology has used by the mentioned organization. The list of competitors for the company is Tag Heuer, Swatch, Rolex and other Swiss international watch brands. The Bremont watches have to face the intense competition in their industry. These international brands have also created their huge market and distinctive identity (Wang and Tang, 2003). These brands have a niche market and can capture the market share of Bremont watches if they dont follow the continuous improvement and innovation within their products . Even the competitors have got the leverage of excellent customer loyalty and it just allows them to improve their market share and profitability. Further the competitive analysis state that this situation creates the intense competition within the industry. Overall the Bremont watches have to utilize their USPs in proper manner and there is need of bringing the strategic alliances so that the brand awareness could be created and most importantly the brand value could also reach at high level. Segmentation After gaining the important knowledge about the competitive advantage for the cited organization, there is a huge requirement of gaining the proper understanding about their segmentation process. It is clear that the company is focusing upon the people who can afford the luxurious products and can purchase their items. The company is focusing upon segmenting the people in different basis and even they are clear with their market, but still they have followed the very common principle related to the segmentation. It is something which is very much crucial for any organization. The company has segmented its market on the three basis one is demographic segmentation, second is the geographical segmentation and at least the company has focused upon the psychographic segmentation (Yelkur and Herbig, 1996). All these kind of segmentation basis has their own criterias which could enable an organization to understand their market and the strategies could be developed accordingly. The demographic segmentation is the one in which company segments the market on the basis of income and age group. The company has identified the higher income group people and has definitely lead towards higher profits. The people who have handsome income opportunities can afford the Bremont watches and the company is also focusing upon those people. Ahead in demographic segmentation the major categorization has been done on the ground of age group as well. The people who fall in the middle age group are mostly targeting people for the company. They are the one who is actually attractive towards the luxury watches and the company definitely attracts them in a successful manner. Thus, in the demographic segmentation the higher income people and middle age people have been segmented. Further the occupational level the executive, business class, pilots and people who got interested in some sort of adventurous works they are the part of companys segmentation. Further company produced pr oduct for men and the gender basis segmentation is also dependent upon male customers (Fuchs and Diamantopoulos, 2010). Thus, it is a complete description about the demographic segmentation related to Bremont watches. On the basis of Geographical location the places which are economically sound the population is having a good industrial development ratio are the part of segmented areas of Bremont watches. Here the segmentation has been done on the regional basis. Only the developed economies have been segmented for providing the products. Japan, Spain, UK, etc. these are certain regions where the company is selling their products and good profit margins as well. Here at these places the company good impact on the customers and is able to attract more customers. Geographically the segmentation has been done with respect to business development as well. The class of people and their economic stability, per capita income and status also become part of segmentation with relevance to any region or area. It is something which is positive for the company and is generating a high level of business for them (Donnelly and Harrison, 2009). At last the psychographic segmentation is also quite good in terms of segmenting the market. It is the most common basis of segmentation on the ground of luxurious products. In order to increase the sales ratio of luxurious brands the psychographic segmentation should gain huge priority. As mentioned above that status quo is the basis of buying the luxurious products so it is a basis of psychographic segmentation. It is to acknowledge that the brand has divided the people on the basis of their influence and incline towards the luxury brands and watches. The limited edition watches are the example of such segmentation. Company segments the people on the basis of their habits as well. Some people have a habit to collect the limited edition watches so company segments the market as per the habitual basis. It is something which is highly positive for the company. Thus, in case of luxurious products the habitual customers, status quo and people who want to feel self actualization and full satisfaction should be the basis of psychographic segmentation and Bremont watches have also shown their adherence towards the same factor (Banerjee and Dholakia, 2012). Therefore, above the description of company segmentation strategies have been depicted and it shows that company is clear with their market segment and prepare the product line accordingly. Segmented customer profile for Bremont watches include male category and people who lie in the age 25 above as they people can afford the watches of a cited organization and they have a good reputation in their work. Income range is also high and they lay into the category of premium class customers. Further the regional segmentation includes the big and economically stable cities all around the globe. The people who believe in maintaining the status quo, and these brands have become their identity, thus it just becomes the suitable to focus on the upper section of society. Therefore, these kinds of people have fall into the segmentation category. Targeting Targeting is moreover dependent upon the segmentation process. Once the company is clear with their segments which they need to follow or target, then the targeting strategy could be developed in easiest way. Here the targeting has been done in a niche market. The company is not going here and there to find the customers. They have set mindset which allows them to focus on a particular range of customers (-Marsden, 2002). However the company has different plans for their different products. In case of increasing the sales ratio with respect to the proper segmentation the campaigning of Bremont watches is quite attractive. With the help of niche marketing they never get distracted through their main goals and objectives and it is something which allows them to get success. As they have luxury brands so they just try to maintain the niche market and follow the regular customers. In the case of luxurious brands the customer retention and customer loyalty is the major factor which revolv es around the targeting strategy. Here the entire focus is set on retaining the employees so that customer loyalty could be increased (Mcleod, 2007). For the purpose of new customer acquisition the company produced or manufactured different kind of products and they try to retain them until and unless they have not been reached at the stage of customer loyalty. The satisfaction is not guaranteed as the customers are highly elegant and deliver an excellent product to its customers. It can definitely create tough competition. Other luxurious brands also target the same category of market and it is essential to prepare concrete niche marketing strategies. The competitors of Bremont watches have their strong association with customers and have maximum reach as compare to the cited organization. Therefore, it is clear that the company is doing well and the strong combination of targeting and segmenting is allowing them to increase their brand value in a very short period of time. Positioning The company has positioned itself in well organized and proper manner. They are highly effective in gaining the attention of customers. Not only the customers; the company has attracted various brands as well, so that it facilitate them to improve their brand name. Associating with apex brands in the automobile industry like Jaguar is one kind of positioning status, which facilitates to increase the profitability and generating more business (Schaefer, 2011). In order to attract the customers, the company has positioned themselves at all the media platforms. The YouTube is the best source to get knowledge about history and other product details. Further other social media websites also register the presence of Bremont watches and it also allowed them to position themselves in an appropriate manner. It is to acknowledge that the Bremont watches now have become major brand and people have started to follow the brand. Through celebrity endorsements the company is in a position to attrac t an upper section of the society and has positioned the product as a status symbol (Goller, Hogg and Kalafatis, 2002). It is most crucial element of company positioning strategies that the brands have successfully created the brand value for status symbol and wearing the watches of Bremont company has become a fashion trend. They never compromise with the quality of product and always ensure the quality check for the purpose of maintaining the excellence and market leadership in a British region or other geographical areas where the company is having its operations. The chronometer, code breaker, EP 120, etc. these are certain limited edition brands which have also improved the positioning strategies for the company. To improve the positioning the brand has successfully brought a transformation in various forms. They have introduced some elegant wall clocks with painting within itself and it just gives a new edge to their business and helps in creating the distinctive identity (Cla rke and Freytag, 2008). Conclusion Thus, on the basis of above study it could be stated that the company has understood their market and their vision was clear from the very beginning. They were focused on the innovative business approach and manufactured the watches for a special purpose. First, they target the pilots and aircraft related business and manufactured elegant watches for them and then switch to wide market but still maintain the luxury and style. Their segmentation was proper which support the targeting as well as positioning strategies. However, the level of competition is immense and other luxurious watch brands have catered the major chunk of the market. ReferencesBanerjee, S. and Dholakia, R., 2012. Location-based mobile advertisements and gender targeting. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing. 6(3). pp.198214. Clarke, A. and Freytag, P., 2008. An intra- and inter-organisational perspective on industrial segmentation: A segmentation classification framework. European Journal of Marketing. 4( 10). pp.10231038. Donnelly, R. and Harrison, G., 2009. The Marketing Planning Process. Routledge.Fuchs, C. and Diamantopoulos, A., 2010. Evaluating the effectiveness of brand-positioning strategies from a consumer perspective. European Journal of Marketing. 44(12). pp.17631786.Goller, S., Hogg, A. and Kalafatis, S., 2002. A new research agenda for business segmentation. European Journal of Marketing. 36(2). pp.252271. Marsden, P., 2002. Brand positioning: memes the word. Marketing Intelligence Planning. 20(5). pp.307312. Mcleod, S., 2007. Diffusion of Innovation. [Online]. Available through: http://dangerouslyirrelevant.org/2007/06/diffusion_of_in.html. [Accessed on 6th May 2015].Sarvary, M. 2006. Market Segmentation, Target Market Selection, and Positioning. Harvard Business School.Schaefer, A., 2011. Introduction to Marketing in Business. The Open University.Schiffman, L. and Kanuk, L. 2010. Consumer behavior. 10thed. Harlow: Prentice Hall.Schultz, D., Tannenbaum, S. and Allison, A., 1996. Essentials of Advertising Strategy. NTC Business Books.Sharp, B., 1991. Competitive Marketing Strategy: Porter Revisited. Marketing Intelligence Planning. 9(1). pp.410.Vieceli, J. And Valos, M., 2000. Marketing Management. Atlantic Publishers Distri. Wang, Y. S. and Tang, T. I., 2003. Assessing customer perceptions of web site service quality in digital marketing environments. Advanced Topics in End User Computing. 3(3). p.16.Yelkur, R. and Herbig, P., 1996. Global markets and the new product development process. Journal of Product Brand Management. 5(6). pp.3847.

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Nursing Theory, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice - Essay Example continue maintaining the status quo of nursing as being predicated on medicine and its paternalistic medical model, derived from the Hippocratic Oath. This paper studies the key aspect of evidence based nursing and identifies that it is the relationship of nursing with temperamental nursing which is highly related to dealing with children and parents of ill youngsters. From the students point of view, the discrepancy between nursing as a practical profession and nursing as an academic discipline may enhance the theory-practice gap and aggravate tensions. Traditionally, evidence of fall related patients has been checkup by nurses using the Tinetti Assessment Tool which is considered to be a simple, easily administered test that measures a patient’s walk and equilibrium. The test is scored on the patient’s capability to perform specific tasks. The discipline of nursing and the subjects in nursing programs have been categorized in terms of a science-based model, e.g. biological and physical sciences, behavioral and social sciences, humanities, medical science and, finally, nursing science (Beattie, 2003). As long as nursing was based on a medical model and medical staff was involved in teaching the students, the subjects of the curriculum were congruent with the medical model (Wynne et al, 2004). The key aspect of evidence based nursing is the relationship of nursing with fall management nursing. This aspect of nursing is highly related to dealing with pain related issues for fall patients consisting of children and parents of ill youngsters. While evidence based intervention is intended to relay acceptance to the patient, the strategies that patients and other caregivers use often encourage the fall patient to accept a challenge that can foster their recovery. In order to have medical knowledge, e.g. an understanding of pathos-physiological implications, one needs to be familiar with the biosciences. Akinsanya (Akinsanya, 2005, Akinsanya, 2003) suggests that

Do the questions below. ( every questions should be more than 200 Term Paper

Do the questions below. ( every questions should be more than 200 words) - Term Paper Example However, it does not mean that labor is the most valuable practice though some historical perspectives give labor such prominence. This occurs in social structures where development of productive forces is minimal so the labor activity completely occupies the individual’s life. This highlights the need to recognize labor as the centre of the ontology of culture (Stanley and Wise 1). This is because additional aspects of human activity entirely depend on the capability of individuals to provide labor within a stipulated time. Additionally, advancement of productive forces determines the capacity of individuals coupled with the extent of complication of social needs that require labor satisfaction. Marx’s expression â€Å"changes his own nature† draws mistranslation, particularly because the word â€Å"nature† can have two interpretations. The first meaning relates to human beings as the subjects of the action; a subject performing an activity needs to alter his or her own nature in a definite way to achieve the stipulated targets. The other meaning of â€Å"nature† relates to environment and emphasizes the alterations of the world because of intentional activity (Stanley and Wise 1). Additionally, humans alter the world to launch their own social objects to change the course of the society. Q: 66. â€Å"Give everyday examples illustrating the contradiction that in everyday practical activity exchange-value is sometimes considered immanent and sometimes considered relative†. Presently, in each practical activity, exchange value may be either immanent or relative. Products attain value because they are expressed in monetary terms. The value form of a product exists after different products have been compared with each other. The value of products is dynamic because it continuously develops based on trading processes (Lendvai 1). Presently, individuals objectify the worth of produced goods to enhance trade. By doing this, t he individuals are evaluating and contrasting the value of their efforts. Additionally, while individuals are comparing and justifying the products’ value before exchange, they are also comparing the intensity of their efforts. Therefore, the worth of a product largely depends on the worth of other products regardless of product evaluation (Lendvai). This depicts that exchange value is at times relative. It is imperative to say that immanence is a notion of relationship. Therefore, exchange value is at times transcendental and exceeds the physical features of objects, implying that values exist above the individual senses (Lendvai 1). An example to illustrate this is that the aesthetic worth of a painting is not similar with the textile of the canvas and the oils within it, though the painting cannot exist without these substances. Additionally, the exchange value of an object like diamond cannot subsist without its physical and chemical reality. Similarly, two portions of wo od fixed with the figure of a cross may enjoy sacramental value. Therefore, these examples clearly show that exchange value can be immanent or relative. Q: 98. â€Å"Take two very different kinds of labor, such as teaching and construction work, and discuss in what respect they are equal†. There exists a relationship between teaching and construction work. Teachers serve as architects of a better future of students because they nurture and monitor their progress, thereby ensuring that these

Access to Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Access to Higher Education - Essay Example 33).Accessing the institutions of higher learning has however been a challenge even to the developed countries and this article tries to show why this is so and why in some countries it has been successfully implemented. This paragraph explores cost as a factor for access to higher education. One challenge that makes higher learning hard to achieve for everyone is the cost implication that comes with it. The cost of acquiring a degree is very high that not everyone in the society can be able to match. This poses a challenge to those in those in the lower class in the society (Harmon 2010, p. 75). Very often, you will find needy students that are very bright but cannot afford to further their studies. The only hope for these students is either to find a sponsor or the government loans and grants provided by governments especially in the developing world. To overcome such a challenge, countries like the Scandinavian countries have made tertiary education to be free for all its citizens regardless of their performance in the secondary school (Harmon 2010, p. 79). What this does is that it ensures no one is denied a chance to further his or her studies.Therefore, cost is really an issue. Next let us explore the loan factor in details.How is loan a factor? Loan as a helping factor to access to education involves the government offering to finance the education of its university population and recover the money once the student has graduated and found employment. The prohibitive factor in this case, however, is that not all students who complete their degrees do find jobs immediately or even at all and thus it is common to find a lot of defaulters and thus the government might not be able to offer enough funds to future deserving cases (White 2008, p. 19). What other governments do to avoid this is that they subsidize the cost of education for all students in public institutions of higher learning to a level where it is affordable to almost everyone. In Kenya for exa mple, the cost of degree courses in public universities there is averagely $300 a year. Such subsidies are however putting a strain in the overall running of the universities and most of them have been forced to look for funds from other sources to run the universities (Thomson 2009, p. 22). This brings in another element in the access to higher learning; inequality. How about exclusivity as a factor? Exclusivity definitely denies everyone access to the best tertiary institutions of choice but the good thing is for those who make it to these institution is the demand they will get in the job market. Here is a look at both sides of this discussion. There are some high end universities that are so sought after that they have to put extra requirement to be accessed. The so-called Ivy League Schools like Oxford and Yale are so expensive to the ordinary person that only the well-off do go there. While these universities actually deserve to be there, it is the inequality that exists that is the problem. You will find that there are different registration numbers for different student with one being for the self-sponsored and another for the government sponsored (Rubin 2012, p.35). This brings about favoritism as the self-sponsored tend to be more favored than the other students because of the amount of money that they bring in to the University. Graduates from these