Overview Of Benchmarking Theory Management Essay

Overview Of Benchmarking Theory Management Essay Benchmarking theory is established upon the performance comparison, gap, and changes in the management process (Watson, 1993). A literature review also shows that majority of benchmarking methodologies perform the same function as performance gap analysis (e.g. Camp, 1989; Karlof and Ostblom, 1993; Watson, 1993). In a context of waste, first rule of benchmarking is to determine the performance gaps with respect to generation and utilization within a management system and to develop method to close them. The gap between internal and external practices reveals the changes and at the same time differentiates benchmarking theory from comparison research and competitive analysis. The author explained further that competitive analysis focus on product or service comparisons but benchmarking examine the operating and management skills that is use to produce goods and services. More also, competitive analysis looks at the characteristic of competitors in the same geographical location whilst benchmarking seeks to find the best practices regardless of location. (Walleck et al., 1991). Benchmarking has been defined by many authors due to its positive and negative result affecting the success of performance improvement within the organization. The literature review of Kozak, 2004, original sources: Camp, 1989; Zairi, 1992; Smith et al., 1993; Rogers et al., 1995, explained that benchmarking: Enable organization to ascertain the position they have more strength and weaknesses depending upon charges in supply, demand and market condition. Enables to set new standard and objectives to enhance customer satisfaction in term of quality, cost, product and services. It gives employees new standard knowledge to work on and also motivate them to always strive for more improvement. Enable organization to determine the possible level of performance they could attain by looking at others and to what extent they could achieved such performance Help organization to stimulate continuous performance which will give them competitive edge over others and enables it maintain world class standard. Despite the above benefit, a successful benchmarking researcher Bendell (1993) stated that time constraints, competitive barriers, cost, lack of both management commitment and professional human resources, resistance to change, poor planning and short-term expectations are regarded as barriers. The author further noted that poor execution of benchmarking exercise can lead to waste of time, finance and human resources. Elmuti and Kathawala( 1997) illustrate that there is no single best practice of benchmarking because peoples ideology varies and organization concept and system differs from one another. On a contrary, there is a risk involved in benchmarking others and adopting their new standards into ones own company. However, the best practice which is producing outstanding performance with good examples should be perceived and adopted. According to research, benchmarking has been defined by many authors and organization even though each definition aims to reach same conclusion. Nevertheless, benchmarking was basically stems from Demings quality management theory, which aims to enhance quality and check its sustainability by following several stages in order( Kozak 2004, p5). Websters Dictionary defines benchmark as a standard by which something can be measured or judged (Kozak, 2004 p. 5). Xerox and Robert C. Camp at the end of the 1980s gave most widely accepted and referenced text on the subject of benchmarking as the continuous process of measuring our products, services and practices against the toughest competitors or those companies recognized as industry leaders (Camp, 1989). On a simply note, benchmarking is the process of finding the best practice in an organization and forecasting what performance should yield in the future. The three principles of benchmarking are maintaining quality, customer satisfacti on and continuous improvement. (Kozak 2004, p.5, original source: Watson, 1993). Some author sees benchmarking as a continuous process or measurement while others defined it as finding and looking significance things to enhance an organization performance. For example, Vaziri (1992) defined benchmarking as a continuous process of comparing organizations performance with that rated as the best within the industry considering consumers needs and determining what needed to be improved in order to have competitive edge in the future. Similarly, Watson (1993) also emphasizes benchmarking in term of continuity feature referring to the continuous input of information acquired from benchmarked organization into the organization. Geber (1990, p. 36) based his definition at significance focus on the best practice of benchmarking as follow: a process of finding the world-class examples of a product, service or operational system and then adjusting your products, services or systems to meet or beat those standards. Approaches to definitions of benchmarking Adopted from (Kozak, 2004. Destination Benchmarking) In practice by many organizations, benchmarking process usually encompasses the following: Regularly analyzing and comparing aspect of performance with high ranked organization Identifying the performance gaps Establishing fresh method to improve on such performances Continuous tracking the implementation improvement; and By continuous monitoring progress stages and assessing the benefit Types of benchmarking Due to many relevant literature reviews, it could be seen that there are many classification of benchmarking, the main categorization are internal, competitive and functional benchmarking (Kozak 2004, p.10 original authors: Camp, 1989; Zairi, 1992). Kozak (2004,p.10) further classified benchmarking into two parts: internal and external benchmarking, in same context, competitive and functional benchmarking was classified under external benchmarking. INTERNAL BENCHMARKING Internal benchmarking is regarded as two ways communication and sharing information between departments within the same organization or between organizations operating as a branch in different countries (Cross and Leonard, 1994; Breiter and Kline, 1995). This kind of system can be found in a franchising company whereby an outstanding performance by any part of the organization will be learnt by the other. Internal benchmarking is an added advantage to an organization or partner who shares a common language, culture and systems, having easy access to data, and giving a baseline for future comparisons (Breiter and Kline, 1995). EXTERNAL BENCHMARKING It is an opposite or reverse case of internal benchmarking as it was read in many relative literatures. External benchmarking requires comparison of activities with external organization in order to acquire method, new ideas and knowledge using by the organization to attain such an outstanding performance in the production of goods and services. Kozak (2004, p11) noted the objective of external benchmarking as the persistence in improvement of ones performance by measuring and comparing with that of others and determine how others achieve their performance levels. This type of benchmarking provides opportunities for an organization to learn from the best practices and experiences of the others who have the competitive edge in the industry. The consistent review of benchmarking by Kozak (2004, p.11) has brought up another three subcategories of benchmarking which are: competitive, generic and relationship benchmarking. Competitive benchmarking: this type of benchmarking occurs only among the direct competitors. According to Kozak (2004) explains that competitive benchmarking is regarded as the most sensitive type of benchmarking activities because of it difficulties in achieving an applaudable collaboration and cooperation with direct competitors and reach primary sources of information. For example Xeroxs market shares starts to diminish because of the entrance of new competitors. Therefore the management decided to benchmark its performance with competitors within the same industry. The results of this enhance its financial position, stabilized its market shares and increase its customers satisfaction. (Cook, 1995). Functional benchmarking: Functional benchmarking refers to comparative research and attempts to seek world-class excellence by comparing business performance not only against competitors but also against the best businesses operating in similar fields and performing similar activities or having similar problems, but in a different industry (Kozak, 2004, original sources: Davies, 1990; Breiter and Kline, 1995). For instance British Rail Network South East benchmarked British airways in order to improve the standard of cleanliness of trains. They were able to achieve such aim by the survey that was conducted on British airways mode of cleanliness. (Cook, 2005). Moreover, this type of benchmarking makes it easier for best in class organizations to share new ideas, best practice and experience together and it is as well regarded as non- competitive benchmarking (Kozak 2004, p.12). Relationship benchmarking: This type of benchmarking occurs between organizations that have mutual relationship together before the agreement of benchmarking is sealed (Anderson, 1995). This method potentially may provide some benefits to organizations since less time is required and the trust established between the two parties will help break down confidentiality barriers. Cox et al. (1997) call this collaborative benchmarking. Benchmarking best practice Historically, benchmarking is seen as an essential tools for continuous improvement of goods and services in an organization ( Dattakumar and Jagadeesh 2003). For example Xerox Corporation in the united state was the first company to be credited with a successful benchmarking project in 1979. Nowadays, organizations have realized that in order for them to survive in the nearest future, they have to initiate major changes within their organization that will make them more productive and reduce costs. benchmarking goes beyond just competitive analyses, rather than analyzing organizational processes and method to assess how the competitive edge is achieved. Benchmarking against Best practice requires seeking out the undisputed leader in the process that is critical to business success regardless of sector or locations. I.e using the most effective methods of achieving optimal performance leading to superior performance is the process of benchmarking for Best Practices identifying, sharing, and imparting knowledge, innovative ideas, and highly effective operating procedures related to best business practices, inside and outside your organization (Julian L. Aston and Jonathan A. Goldhill). In a nutshell, the achievement of any organization is to successfully identify and appl ying best practices in its operations which will result to reduction in business expenses and improve its organizational efficiency. In order for benchmarking process to be achieved in an organization, the follow steps need to be initiated and implemented (Julian L. Aston and Jonathan A. Goldhill): Step 1: The management needs to establish a lead Best Practices team that will be engaged with overall development and company-wide implementation of this important new activity. In addition, creates departmental benchmarking teams charged with development and implementation of Best Practices within their individual department. Step 2: Each team determines the types of Best Practices their department must uphold. Step 3: Teams identify benchmarking resources applicable to their Best Practice needs. Step 4: The teams collect and analyze information. Step 5: Each team determines the value of each Best Practice relative to attaining departmental and overall corporate objectives. Step 6: Team members take the time to understand and analyze the point gap between an existing standard or practice and the desired best practice standard. Step 7: Each team brainstorms how they can close the point gap, and develops an action plan in support of upholding each Best Practice. Step 8: The teams take action under the leadership and guidance of the Lead Best Practices Team, reporting to Senior Management. Finally in order for the implementation of a Best Practices Program to be successful, establishment of departmental Best Practices teams must be initiated and charged with the task of managing the process on a continuous basis. Best Practices Example A vivid example of a best practice is demonstrated by SRC in Springfield, Missouri. Convinced that everyone is responsible for the companys success, SRCs management team trained every employee in cash flow management, a tool that has enabled the company to generate double-digit growth every year since its founding 12 years ago. SRC has grown in 12 years from one company of 100 employees to 12 employee-owned companies in 16 sites with 750 people. SRC has been named the Entrepreneurial Company of the Year by Inc. magazine for the last three years. The current turnover rate is less than 1 percent. http://www.qualitydigest.com/feb/bench.html DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BENCHMARKING AND BEST PRACTICES Are benchmarking and best practices the same? According to many literature reviews, it could be understood that benchmarking is totally differ from best practices. Benchmarking is the process that gives one the opportunities to ascertain potential best practices, i.e. identifying best ranked performer; one to locate a specific practices within an organization that could enhance own performance. However, there are different categories of benchmarking which organization might practice and it was understood that some organization benchmarked for the purpose of setting performance target for their own organization rather to ascertain practices that contributed to the success of other organization and to emulate it. What distinguishes best practices from benchmarking? A best practice is never a new idea, perhaps is what meets the seven following criteria: Successful over Time: A best practice must be documented. Quantifiable results: The achievement must be quantifiable. Innovative: Must have a distinctive program and process from its peer Recognized positive outcome: Best practice should generate different positive result and indicators Repeatable: A best practice should be adopted with modifications. Should establish different strategies and be able forecast benefits that are likely to be accrue to others. Has local importance: Best practice is seen as an outstanding performance to those who seek for it. Therefore, it should not be a duplicate strategy; i.e organizations should adopt it with modification. Not linked to unique demographics: A best practice may have evolved as a result of unique demographics, but organization from other demographics should be able to transfer with modification. http://www.scribd.com/doc/83467243/14/DIFFERENCE-BETWEEN-BENCHMARKING-AND-BEST-PRACTICES. In conclusion, although different authors views benchmarking from their different perspectives as it is demonstrated in the figure () . All these definitions portray same aim and objectives: the continuous measurement and improvement of an organizations performance against the best in the industry to obtain information about new working methods or practices (Kozak 2004, p.7). However, best practices and methods that are seen as the success key to an organization may not necessarily be the best to those adopting it. Therefore benchmarking requires full scale modification and extensive innovation in order for justifiable achievement to be attain.

Caliban and Trinculo Essay

Caliban and Trinculo are hiding underneath Caliban’s cloak because they are afraid of the storm and of what other beings are approaching them. Stefano has discovered what he thinks is a creature with four legs and two heads, which is really Caliban’s and Trinculo’s legs next to each other and both of their voices. The use of language in this extract differs between characters. Stefano’s use of language is blunt and basic English. The fact that he is drunk adds to the effect that his words are slightly slurred. Stefano and Trinculo are both very low down in the hierarchy, Stefano is the Alonso’s butler and Trinculo is his jester, and this also means that they would not have been taught proper English and so would not have been able to speak in clear, full sentences even when they were not scared of the storm and drunk. Caliban’s language however is a lot nobler and it is of much better English than those of Trinculo and Stefano. This is strange because it would be much more correct to have it the other way around with Trinculo and Stefano speaking better English than Caliban. The reason for this is because when Prospero first discovered Caliban, he treated him nicely and with some respect and Miranda also taught him to speak properly and eloquently and so he sounds like a nobler creature than he actually appears to others. Stefano plays a minor role in the play but provides much of the humour and acts as a contrast between those characters high up in the hierarchy and Caliban. Stefano and Trinculo do no measure up to characters like Alonso, Sebastian and Antonio, but both men have very similar characters. Trinculo’s role in the play is to convey to the audience the comedy and humour that most of the traditional plays of that time contained. However, because he, like Stefano, sees Caliban as a source of future income, he gets jealous because Caliban has chosen Stefano to be his master. When the opportunity arises, he is more interested in getting as much as he can than in fairness. There are many different themes to Shakespeare’s play, ‘The Tempest’, and they all occur frequently. One of these is sovereignty. It is connected repeatedly to Alonso and the usurpation of the throne of Naples and of the Dukedom of Milan. The occurrence of this theme in this passage is when Stefano has just discovered Trinculo hiding from the storm underneath Caliban’s cloak and Trinculo says, ‘And art thou living, Stefano? O Stefano, two Neapolitans ‘scaped? ‘ Trinculo is asking Stefano if they are the only two people to survive the storm. They think that they are the only ones to survive and so they now believe that they are in line for the throne now that the king, his son and all of the others are out of the way. This also connects to the theme of usurpation which is also echoed frequently throughout the play. Other examples of usurpation in this extract and throughout the play are numerous. One of the main ones is when Antonio and Sebastian conspire to kill Alonso and Gonzalo whilst they slept in order to take over the throne of Naples together.

Prostitution The Oldest Profession On Earth - 1107 Words

Prostitution Prostitution is considered as the oldest profession on Earth. Sexual service in return for payment is called the prostitution. Prostitution is a big issue effecting women, men, and children all over the world. This is a world-wide controversy and it is something that people are not comfortable talking about. The question is whether people who are involved in the sex industry are willingly or are forced to do it. Our society has different points of view on this issue. Some people agree and want to legalize it; some people are strictly against it. Anyway, throughout our society people look at the work in sex industry as degrading work. In some jurisdictions, prostitution is approached by three ways –regimentation, abolition,†¦show more content†¦They also believe that legalizing prostitution would increase the spread of disease, stating that it takes several weeks to get the results from STD tests allowing an infected prostitute to continue infecting her cl ients. Many also believe that since most sex workers are female, the practice is demeaning to women and enhances the changes of rape and violence. Some go so far as defining prostitution as a type of rape, since it turns a woman into an object for a man s use. Others state that prostitution increases the involvement of sexual predators and the use of minors as sex slaves (Debate). First, prostitution is closely associated with many accompanying phenomena that threaten the internal security of the country; therefore, it is perceived very negatively by our society. This means that a serious crime such as a drug-related crime, human trafficking, and commercial-sexual exploitation of children goes along with prostitution. Also, health risks (sexual transmitted diseases) accompany this activity. â€Å"Reaching sex workers is a critical effort for public health. Not only are sex workers at risk for higher rates of HIV and other STIs, sex workers who are unaware of their HIV status can en danger their own health and increase their risk of transmitting HIV or STIs to others† (CDC). In eight European countries, such as Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Greece, Latvia, and Turkey prostitution by itself is legal.

Strategic Analysis Of Financial Statements A Case Study - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1846 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In current society, fundamental and technical analysis is used in company to analyze financial statements. But there is no identical that which approach is more profitable. In this essay, the comprehension and comparison can be researched in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches and propose suggestions to the company. Introduction Fundamental analysis and technical analysis are two kinds of approaches to analyze company financial statements. Some traders use them alone and some others associate them together (Talati,2002).But no matter how do they use, the two approaches aim to optimize company profit and help managers conduct the operation. In the first and second part, fundamental analysis and technical analysis are invested and in the third part, the differences and connection are researched and get the conclusion which is profitable for company financial statements analyzing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Strategic Analysis Of Financial Statements A Case Study" essay for you Create order 3. Critical discuss of fundamental analysis 3.1Definition of fundamental analysis Fundamental analysis involves analyzing financial statement, management and market and competitors. It focus on identify the fundamental value, production, interest rate and economy of the company. Fundamental analysis is the research of a company with the calculating the performance value and operation (Finweek,2006). In addition, it is a kind of investment which is the essential element of the asset managers (Moube A and Jannach M, 2003). As the historical mentioned, fundamental analysis start from a companys financial analysis, investors research the financial statement of the company and investigate its advantages and problem to forecast the future direction (Oglesby,2003). 3.2 Explain the procedure of fundamental analysis As above mentioned, fundamental analysis is a way to find the fundamental financial level of the company. The analysis aiming to investigate the financial health and estimate intrinsic value (Finweek,2006). There are three elements of fundamental analysis: economics analysis, industry analysis and company analysis. Each of the three analyses can express the intrinsic value of the company. If the intrinsic value is higher than market price, investor should take some measures to buy or share. In addition, companys fundamental or intrinsic value is decides by financial statement information. Firstly, share received from investor and supplier. Then amount of debt can examined the health of its operation by using debt to equity ratio and the current ratio. Thirdly, computing price/earnings ratio and PEG value to modify some measurement and ensure the growth of company (Elleuch and Trabelsi,2009). 3.3 Two approaches of fundamental analysis Fundamental analysis is one of professional analysis either in stock broking (sell side) or asset management (buy side) research forms (Finweek,2006). Moreover there are two approaches of fundamental analysis: top-down and bottom-up investing. 3.3.1 The top-down approach The top-up investing approach analyze with global economics, it comprised by international and national indictors such as GDP growth rates, exchange rates, interest rates, productivity and inflation (Wikipedia,2009). Generally speaking, top-down invests companys operation environment and examine the current strategy to predict future performance. Moreover, the approach includes macroeconomic, social and political activity which is useful for estimating the operation of the company. The main benefit of this approach is guarantee some relevant information keep in accordable which cannot cause conflict (Finweek,2006). 3.3.2 The bottom-up approach The bottom-up approach concentrates on specifically business and research different company of different invest ways. Bottom-up investing usually used in larger scale compared top-down used in local scale (Menge et al, 1997). To evaluate the influence of bottom-up factor in a global company, if the ecosystem is multiple and complicated, we should use different ways to match them. At first, the individual basic elements should be in great detail, and then this detail link together to develop a subsystem which can help company achieve global purpose (Pereira,1993). 4. Critical discuss of technical analysis 4.1Definition of technical analysis Technical analysis is a kind of security analysis which aim to describe the trend of company in future and the change of trend based on price and volume. Moreover, technical analysis does not attention for value, information and price can be predicted by historical data (Wikipedia,2009). Usually, technical analysis is named chartists because graphical presentations of their trading rules are used (Mizrach and Weerts,2009). Compared with fundamental analysis, technical analysis is more academic and practical, it usually discover the potential of previous price and then forecast the future equity value for managers (Battman et al,2009). 4.2 Characteristics of technical analysis Technical analysis is based on price and volume transformation to examine different capacity of trading rule. For example, technical analysis can help manager realize the earning profits by using relative strength index, moving average and inter-market correlations, etc (Battman et al,2009). Besides, technical analysis can illustrate the current and future share price and equity returns especially the random walk hypothesis which past price and predictable future return is identical agreement (Lo and MacKinlay, 1988, 1999). In addition, technical analysis studies the profitability of strategy which includes construction of portfolio at the foundation of historical measurement (Jegadeesh and Titman, 1993,2001). Because of that, technical analysis predict price movement based on historical performance make positive return in future by risk evaluation and capital management. 4.3 Principles 4.3.1 Prices move in trends When the market turn up or down, along with the price changed. Specifically, when the stock rose, sellers go into the market and sell the stock. There are various elements caused the changed such as perceived risk , market volume, analyst rating change and return (Mizrach and Weerts,2009). For example, a experiment conducted by Huddart et al(2007) which research of 52 weeks changed of price. The trading volume raises obviously when the variation of trading range, and the trend is abnormal at least 2 weeks. 4.3.2 History tends to repeat itself Investors believe that the trend can repeat several times because the behavior always repeats itself usually. Based on the price, technical indicators describe the state of market participant and operation but the behavior is not variable (Collins, 2001). 5. Compared two analysis used in analyzing company financial statements Financial statement is an outline of companys activities, operation and investment from a period of time. Information and data from financial statement reflect the financial situation and business operation of the company which is useful for investors and managers making decision and control. From the financial statement analysis, investors can obtain insight of the enterprise including strength and weakness and then advance the strength and diminish the weakness (Malhotra,2008). 5.1 Fundamental analysis used in company financial statements 5.1.1 Financial ratio Fundamental analysis focus on financial ratio which comes from balance sheet, income statement and statement of cash flows. From the financial ratio, managers can get the comparison of the company and other company in the same industry, topmost company in the industry and the condition of previous year of the same company. By using fundamental analysis, financial ratio is a clear way to describe the company position relative to against its peers and get the conclusion of strength and weakness and then make a future strategy to the company. Firstly, debtor turnover can reflect a firms activity. Specifically, turnover represents the inventory circulating rate. If the turnover is high, it means commodities sold quickly. In another word, the company activity is frequently (Wikipedia,2009). Secondly, current ratio can reflect the liquidity. As we all know, current ratio is equal to current assets over current liabilities. As a result, current ratio is significant relevance to liquidity be cause 1 percent increase of current ratio can cause more decrease in debt-equity ratio and debt-assets ratio (Toby,2007). Thirdly, gearing or leverage reflects financing. Therefore, change in leverage effect debt and stock so it demonstrate the return differences from different companies (Ozdagli,2009). 5.1.2 Global economics and environment In current society, global trade develops more quickly than the whole world GDP. In addition, the environment became more and more international too, so it means the firm should face more competitive challenge. As fundamental analysis, it focus on the whole state economy, interest rate and earning. When the amount of currency became reduced or the currency demand become increasing, fundamental analysis can research the forward decision and interest rate which have strengthening and weakening effect to the financial statements. Although foreign investments is effected by high interest rate which can improve the local currency (McDonald,2007). 5.2 Technical analysis use in company financial statements Owing to some problems which effect public value arisen in financial statements, investors prefer to use technical analysis verifying their attitude. Movement of price and volume can demonstrate the financial information by daily operation (Standfield, 2005). 5.2.1 Predict by historical data Technical analysis like a weather forecast which compare the past and present weather condition and predict whether need to bring umbrella if you want to go out. Actually, technical analysis predicts the trend to decide whether buy or sell (McDonald,2007). If the prediction would be accurate, some measurement should be taken during the technical analysis. For example, in order to foresee the trend of price, investors always random walk. The random walk model is known but its implication for technical analysis is hard to understand. Firstly, the price should constituent organized and last to the future. Secondly, investors use random walk model to predict the future trend. Specifically, the model can be describe,P means price and t means days. E()=0,E( During this model, the prediction price based on the current price . For one period prediction, = = +=. In addition, for two period, the formula is similar: = = +=+. Because of that, the error of prediction is var ((=, var (((=. So base d on the pattern, we can get a conclusion that var (=. From the model, the average of price may not be altered but the individual agreement must be random. In that condition, trend of future under technical analysis can be gainful. For instant, if the primary data shows a downtrend, then investors can adopt a short location until the trend became increased. After that, a long location takes place to the short one and make sure the development stable (Tomek and Querin,1984). 5.2.2 Differences and connection between technical analysis and fundamental analysis As mentioned above, the two approaches analyses are not total different. If a company use the mix analysis, fundamental analysis focus on the reason why price will change while technical analysis focus on when will the price change. As a result, it is the best way to integrate the two approaches. Therefore, if a fundamentalist look through technical analysis, some new discoveries such as new way to access the market or obtain the capital market share. It is resemble that technician use fundamental analysis to research the trade in market (Talati, 2002). Although there are some benefits to combine the two approaches, some limitations are existed. Technical analysis is good at control risk but it suitable for both short team and long term so that it is not applied in fundamental analysis sometimes which only use long term. In addition, fundamental trader can make decision depend on his own discretion while technical trader should rely on the investor or computerized design (Talati, 2002). 6. Conclusion In summary, both fundamental analysis and technical analysis are important to analyze company financial statement. Although there is some differences between them, the two approaches are not incompatible. Managers and investor could use the two approaches or use one of them depend on the market condition to optimize the profit of company.

The Car T Cells Essay - 1282 Words

-What are CAR-T cells? Describe their structure. Car T-cells are more formally known as chimeric antigen receptors. These cells are genetically modified t-cells that are designed to target tumor cells. These CAR t-cells work by circulating through the blood looking for cells that they can bind to. The receptors of these cells are specifically designed to recognize a pattern that is common cancer. Once they cell comes into contact with the specific receptor, cell will then attack and destroy the cancer, but also can tell the rest of the body that there is a problem. The additional hope is that the CAR-T cells will create memory cells within the body as a normal T-cell. In the simplest explanation, CAR-T cells are genetically modified to attack cells the body would otherwise not recognize. These cells are recombinant receptors that have been developed specifically for this purpose. These CARs are usually composed of an extracellular antigen recognition receptor that is attached by a spacer to a transmembrane domain. Around these transmembrane domains could be additional domains that function as co-stimulator to produce a further immune response. In a normal t-cell, there is a requirement of an MHC molecule to bind and recognize the antigen, however, the CAR T-cells are capable of overcoming the limitation. So CAR T-cells are able to bind directly and independent of this system allowing the cell to read a much diverse pool. -How are they generated for clinical use? These cellsShow MoreRelatedCar T Cell Therapy : A Revolutionary Treatment From The Area Of Immuno Oncology1664 Words   |  7 PagesCAR-T Cell Therapy CAR-T cell therapy is a revolutionary treatment from the area of immuno-oncology. It is the most recent form of therapy to be hailed as a ‘miracle cure’ for cancer and is one of the most impressive forms of immunotherapy to date. CAR-T cell therapy takes advantage of our own immune system and uses it to fight cancer, the second leading cause of death in the world. It is a form of immunotherapy that also intertwines with gene therapy, and cell therapy. CAR-T cell therapy is a deviationRead MoreCauses And Treatment Of Pancreatic Cancer1385 Words   |  6 Pagessteps known as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. This is the most prominent stage of cancer. During the early steps, slight changes are seen in a small number of genes. In the later steps, there are abnormalities in several genes and the duct cells become dysfunctional. The most common DNA changes in these conditions affects the KRAS oncogene. KRAS is the mutated gene in PDAC and this gene is said to drive cance r development and progression. This was observed in mouse as human pancreatic tissueRead MoreGene Therapy Case Study1174 Words   |  5 Pagesof some monogenic recessive disorders affecting the haemopoietic system, such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, by semi-randomly integrating functional genes into the genome of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Severe combined immunodeficiency is an X-linked inherited disease caused by the deficiency of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA), which is vital for the development of lymphocytes. In the year 2000 in Paris, researchers were able to successfullyRead MoreCosisp Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagessimplicity, direct scalability, functionally versatile, [and easily applicable]† (Cong 87). The simplicity and scalability refers to the ease at which gRNA sequences can be easily synthesized in large quantities for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell types for a low cost. CRISPR is versatile in t hat any target sequence can be modified by simply altering the gRNA sequence. In addition, multiple genes can be edited at the same time with great specificity (Cong 88-89). The convenience and accessibilityRead MoreIs Inattentional Blindness So Different Between The Two Tasks?1040 Words   |  5 Pagesresearchers wanted to see why inattentional blindness is so different between the two tasks. To test this participants were placed in a car that had been modified for the lab, to work with a driving simulation and eye trackers. The participants were also equipped with a hand a hands free phone before the task began. The dual task group were to do the driving task with a cell phone was compared to single task drivers who just did the driving task. The incidental-recognition-memory paradigm was used to compareRead MoreDeath By Text Message : A New Perspective On Texting And Driving912 Words   |  4 PagesDeath by Text Message ATT started the campaign â€Å"It Can Wait† in 2010 where the message was conveyed through commercials that told true stories about individuals whose lives significantly changed or even ended after they sent or viewed a text while driving. Just five years after the campaign started, the development of smartphones increased tremendously, leading to even higher temptation for drivers. This increase in temptation caused ATT to release the â€Å"Close to Home† commercial to expand theRead MoreSocial Medias Impact On Distracted Driving1103 Words   |  5 Pageswhile staying connected. There are 600,000 drivers attempting to use their phone at any given time throughout each and every day. To give some perspective on the issue, The National Safety Council reports that cell phone use while driving leads to 1.6 million crashes each year. 1 out of every 4 car accidents in the United States is caused by texting and driving. That is a lot of accidents occurring each year that coul d be prevented. There are several things happening on social media and in our countryRead MoreAnalyzing the Marketing Environment927 Words   |  4 Pagesmicroenvironments is technology. The rapid changes in the world of technology as we know it keeps people guessing and waiting for the next new breakthroughs. In the auto market with gasoline, prices increasing almost by the minute smaller more fuel-efficient cars are in. In the world of communication, new high tech phones and data devices are what sell’s. The faster the device is or the larger the screen and more compact it is the faster people buy them. With today’s changes in technology, the sky is the limitRead MoreGene Therapy Essay772 Words   |  4 Pagesimmunotherapy has been tested on various patients that the previously listed treatments did not work for. Immunotherapy is a type of therapy in which the immune system is altered and strengthen to become more rigorous and able to attack cancerous cells. This n ew discovery is extremely important because it is like a fifth pillar in cancer treatments providing some type of result for doubtful patients. Crispr is a new tool developed to edit genomes. This tool is significantly more precise, efficientRead MorePersuasive Essay on Cell Phone Driving1100 Words   |  5 Pages The use of cell phones in drivers have been linked too frequently in accidents. There are too many distractions in life as it is, are we so arrogant to think that we are such amazing drivers that we can do several things at once? Most accidents involving cell phones wouldn t have happened if the driver wasn t distracted. When we drive that should be the only activity we are doing. Posted by: Gri5Helpful Report Post Like Reply 0 0 Cell phone usage while

Criminology Paper Free Essays

To discuss further, the theory of Sampson and L pub supposes that the individual characteristics of a person are not the sole reason for his early delinquency and deviant behavior later in his life. There are social circumstances that may modify the behavior Of other persons while others proceeds with offending. There are three main components proposed in the age-graded life-course theory of Sampson and Lab. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminology Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, the delinquency in childhood and adolescence can be explained by their informal relation with their family as well as the environment they have at school. These informal relations they build within their family and at school as well as the social controls coming from these two [family and school] intervene with the micro- level structural context of the children (Sampson Lab, 1992). Second, in different realms of life, the antisocial behavior from childhood through adulthood continues. Lastly, the informal social attachments that individuals develop to their family and employment during adulthood explicate modifications in criminality over their life in spite Of their early childhood tendencies (Sampson Lab, 1992). The most crucial findings of Sampson and Lab is that the social attachments that individuals develop during adulthood increase some people’s social capital, thus leading them to discontinue from most types of aberrant behavior. The theory further discussed how deviant behavior of individuals mitigate as they build social bonds to their spouse or coworkers. People’s attachment to their spouse or coworkers increases their self-control that leads to their distance from committing offenses. In the article of Sampson and Lab, they also discuss what trajectories, transitions, and turning points are. A trajectory, as explained in the article, is â€Å"a pathway or line of development over the life span such as workable, marriage, parenthood, self-esteem, and criminal behavior†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (Sampson Lab, 1992, p. 66). In other words, trajectories are the â€Å"long-term patterns and sequences of behavior† (Sampson Lab, 1992, p. 66). Transitions, on the other hand, are the specific events in the life of a person. Good examples of transitions are first marriage or first job (Sampson Lab, 1992). These transitions are implanted in trajectories. Transitions are the changes that are more or less sudden. The close causal connection of trajectories and transitions may create what is called a turning point. A turning point refers to a â€Å"change in the life course† (Sampson Lab, 1992, p. 66). It involves a certain experience, event, or awareness that leads to the change in the pathway or trajectory of a person over the long-term. According to Sampson and Lab, school, work, marriage, the military, and parenthood are examples of social institutions and triggering life experiences that may change trajectories (1992). The concepts of trajectory, transition and turning points re important in the study of crime because they help in understanding the dynamics of life course. From the theories presented by Sampson and Lab, as well as by Cottonseeds and Hirsch, life course is a path, and the understanding of trajectories and turning points help us to give meaning to the different factors that intervene and disturb the path of a person’s life course that may lead him to developing deviant or criminal behaviors. Looking at the trajectories of a person, one can ascertain the different relationships that the person has developed throughout time, thus causing IM to becoming what he is in the present time. Trajectories will help us determine the environment that a person has been into, thus leading him to develop characteristics and personalities he has presently. Transitions, on the other hand, help determine whether or not the timing between one event and the happening of another event is enough for a person to adjust This adjustment is important because lack of this may lead a person to develop deviant behaviors. Turning points, or changes in life trajectories, are very crucial in the study of crime because these are often what cause children, or managers, or even adults to exhibit or develop aberrant behaviors. These turning points, such as divorce of parents, retirement, or death, if will not match the behavior of a person may lead to delinquent behaviors. While Sampson and Lab speak of individual’s characteristics, social circumstances, as well as social bonds in understanding the criminality of a person, Cottonseeds and Hirsch, in their â€Å"general theory of crime†, propose that the imprudence and criminality of a person can be anticipated merely by looking at the lack of self-control of a person (Sampson Lab, 1992). They et aside the possibility of the other life and social factors that may intercept in the development of deviant behavior of a person. Nonetheless, Cottonseeds and Hirsch admit that although the personality of a person, for example his lack of self-control, does not change through time, the connection between self-control and crime is susceptible to change. The concept of life-course perspective of Cottonseeds and Hirsch is inversely linked to the level of self-control of a person. According to them, a person’s self-control is what shapes his agency in a manner that he tends to choose to e part of an environment that counterparts his level of self-control. The life course perspective of Sampson and L pub has been recognized by Cacao and Kennedy in explaining social control theory in general. Cacao and Kennedy agree that life course perspective is different from the other perspectives about social control and criminality because it acknowledges how different events or factors in the life course of people affect their progress at different times. By reconciling two contradicting findings in the field of crime research, one finding proposes that adult criminality is strongly impacted by patterns of childhood behavior while the other finding puts forward that changes in the life of people impact their tendency of criminality, Sampson and Lab are able to provide an explanation as to whether or not the propensity to commit an offense changes or remains the same over the life course of people (Cacao Kennedy, 2011). Cacao and Kennedy further say that the principles laid in the life course perspective are important in understanding the different informal social control present or become present in the life course of an offender that lead to the modification of a arson’s criminal involvement (2011). Additionally, the life course approach is a useful tool in ascertaining how changes in crime pattern of people across their life course are being affected with the opportunities and circumstances that they face as they move forward in life. In general, the life course perspective theory’ is related to the social control theory in general with respect to the person’s bond or attachment to society. Social control theory postulates that delinquent acts are often the result of people having a weak or broken bond to their society. This means that when people are less attached to others, they are more prone to deviating from social norms and standards. Since they no important relationships with other people, they really have nothing to lose, therefore, it becomes very easy for them to commit a crime. The life course perspective of Sampson and Lab basically offers the same path of explaining how informal social relations can affect a person’s commitment to his society. They say that the attachment or bond that a person develop throughout life with his spouse or coworkers makes a person more committed to his society. He loses his motivation to deviate or to commit an offense because Of the social bond he has developed mainly due to her concern for his spouse or coworkers. How to cite Criminology Paper, Papers

Florida- Blind, Deaf, and Dumb free essay sample

Coleman already knew one thing for sure about his future, and that was that he wanted to make educating children his life’s work. Coleman knowing about the lack of educational decrees in Florida decided to take the opportunity to advantage, by writing to Governor William D. Bloxham asking for a sum of $20,000 minimum appropriation to start a school for the deaf and blind. Coleman’s hopes came true when in 1883 Florida’s legislature establishes an institution for blind and deaf children for two years at $20,000. The location of the school was put to a biding between the towns in Florida. Captain Edward E. Vaill offered St. Augustine the biggest bid of $1,000 and 5 acres. The original three wood buildings were erected by contractor William A. MacDuff at $12,749. The school was completed in December 1884. The first class entered in 1892 with 62 students. The two first graduates were both deaf, their names were Artemas W. We will write a custom essay sample on Florida- Blind, Deaf, and Dumb or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pope of St. Augustine and Cora Carlton of Island Grove. The two later married and became parents of Florida Senator Verle A. Pope. The first blind student graduated in 1908. The first African American graduates were Louise Jones a blind student in 1914, and Cary White a deaf student in 1925. The school originally only had 5 trustees in 1905, until 1963 were there were 7. Taylor Hardwick began construction on new dormitories in late 1958 and opened in 1959. The school is now the largest of its type in the U. S. The school now has 47 buildings and 72 acres. The school’s annual budget is over $30 million dollars. The schools no longer an boarding school but, now a public school. It’s the only school in Florida that is pre-school through 12th grade. It also has a post-secondary program. The school is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges, and Schools. The Conference of Education Administrators serving the deaf, and the National Accreditation Council for Agencies Serving the Blind and visually handicapped. The school has two departments: the Deaf department, and the Blind department. The school also has outreach programs for parents, teachers, and other staff in small and rural school districts in Florida. The also has a healthcare center on campus for students, as well as two well-appointed auditoriums. The school boasts the Copeland recreation and fitness center, which is specially designed and constructed for the blind. The center is the site of the annual USABA’s youth national goalball tournament. Not only that but blind high school students get state of the art sound system within the school. The school has 11 sports you can join at the school: Football, Soccer, Volleyball, Basketball, Little League Baseball, Track, Cross Country, Swimming, Goalball, Wrestling, and Cheerleading. They have preforming arts groups, the deaf department has a traveling dance troupe, and the blind department has a band known as the OuttaSight. The school also has several clubs: the blind skier, academic bowl team (competitive), and a traveling math club called MathCounts. -Notable Alumni- * Ray Charles- He learned to read braille here. When he went to the school it was known as the Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb. * Ashley Fiolek- A very well-known rider in motocross racing. * Marcus Roberts- A famous Jazz pianist. -My Perspective- I really enjoyed researching and writing this essay. Originally the essay was supposed to be about all deaf culture related things in Florida but, as I started one of the things that kept popping up was the Florida school for the Deaf and Blind. Since it kept popping up I clicked on it and was amazed that it was in St. Augustine (which is where I was going to go for spring break), and that it was the oldest school for the deaf in Florida. All of a sudden I knew that I wasn’t doing my project on the deaf culture in Florida but instead a certain school for the deaf in Florida. Then I realized I had to make a decision; the schools name is the school for the Deaf and Blind. Meaning I would have to decide if I wanted to do my project on the school as a whole which means the Deaf and Blind, or just the Deaf department. As you already know (because hopefully you read the essay) I choose to both. The reason I choose to do both is because if I’m writing (or typing) this essay about the school than I’m going to write about the school in a whole. When I saw the school in person was when I finally realized just how big 47 buildings and 72 acres is. the school is huge and looked like it could swallow are school times two. I wasn’t able to go into the school. I was also surprised that I didn’t see that many people who were either deaf or blind from what I could tell at least. I do remember seeing this one girl who was deaf a couple times, I think she might have been a tourist though because I saw her at a tourist spot. The first time I say her we were sitting across from each other at a restaurant. My dad kept telling me to go say hi, and I swear I told him a million times that I couldn’t and that it would be considered rude. All in all I feel extremely pleased with what I came up with for this essay, and I hope you are too.